Ukuqonda Umahluko Phakathi Kweelwimi: IsiXhosa NesiBulgaria
Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezivela kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, njengesiXhosa (ulwimi lwesiBantu olufumaneka eMzantsi Afrika) nesiBulgaria (ulwimi lwesiSlavic olufumaneka eMpuma Yurophu), yinkqubo efuna ubugcisa, ulwazi olunzulu lwegrama, kunye nokuqonda okubanzi kwenkcubeko. IsiXhosa sisebenzisa inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwezimo zamazwi (agglutination) apho izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo zidityaniswa neengcambu zamagama ukudala intsingiselo. Kwelinye icala, isiBulgaria sisebenzisa inkqubo yokuguquguquka kweziphelo (inflection) kunye nezimamva ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama. Uguqulelo olululo alukho malunga nokutshintsha amagama ngezinye izinto kuphela, kodwa lumalunga nokudlulisa intsingiselo echanekileyo, isimbo, kunye neemvakalelo zombhali wokuqala.
Xa sibalisa ngale nkqubo, kufuneka siqonde ukuba isiBulgaria sisebenzisa ialfabhethi yeCyrillic (Кирилица), nto leyo enika umngeni wokuqala kwabo baziqhelileyo ngezikhonkwane kunye neeleta zesiLatini ezisetyenziswa esiXhoseni. Uguqulelo lwale mihla ludinga ukuba umguquli abe nobuchule bokusebenzisa iitekhnoloji zanamhlanje, ngelixa egcina ubu-odidi kunye nokunyaniseka kwesandi selwimi nganye. Lo mqobo wokuqala wendlela yokubhala ufuna ukuba umguquli abe nobuchule obufanelekileyo bokukhangela kunye nokubhala ngombhalo weCyrillic ngokuchanekileyo.
Uhlalutyo lweGramari: Umahluko weSakhiwo kunye neSyntax
Isakhiwo segramari sesiXhosa sisekwe ngokungqongqo kwiiklasi zezibizo (noun classes). Isibizo ngasinye siphantsi kweklasi ethile enesimaphambili sayo, esilawula isivumelanisi sentshukumo, isiphawuli, kunye nezinye izinto kwisivakalisi. Oku kwenza ukuba isiXhosa sibe nenkqubo edibeneyo kwaye egudileyo yovumelwano lwezandi kwizivakalisi zonke. Kwelinye icala, isiBulgaria sinenkqubo yezenzi kunye nezibizo ezahluke kakhulu. Nangona isisiSlavic, isiBulgaria sahlukile kwezinye iilwimi zesiSlavic ngenxa yokuba asinamatyala ezibizo (cases), kodwa sisebenzisa izihlomelo kunye nezimamva zokuchaza ubunini okanye ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama.
Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo ngulo: kwisiBulgaria, amanqaku achazayo (definite articles) afakwa ekupheleni kwesibizo njengezimamva, logama esiXhoseni isakhiwo sesibizo sithwala isakhiwo esichazayo sisebenzisa izikhamiso zokuqala. Umzekelo, kwisiXhosa "umntu" uthetha "a person" okanye "the person" kuxhomekeke kumxholo, kodwa kwisiBulgaria kuye kufakwe isimamva esithile njenge "-to", "-ta", okanye "-at" ukubonisa ubunjani bento leyo. Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha izivakalisi zenza ukuba uguqulelo lwegama negama lungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini.
Ukongeza koko, isiBulgaria sineenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zezenzi (verbs) ezahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezinxulumene nexesha (tense), inkangeleko yezenzi (aspect - perfective and imperfective), kunye nendlela yokuthetha (mood). Esi sici sezenzi sinika abaguquli bamaXhosa umngeni omkhulu kuba esiXhoseni, ixesha nenkangeleko yentshukumo ziboniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, ezihlala zixhomekeke kwizakhiwo zezivumelanisi (concords) kunye neziphore ezongezelelweyo. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha ixesha elichanekileyo lesenzi kwisiBulgaria kufuna uluvo olucacileyo malunga nokuba isenzo eso senzeke kube kanye okanye yinto eqhubekayo. Oku kwenza ukuba uqhelwaniso neempawu zolwimi ngalunye lube yimfuneko engenakuthintelwa kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba ngumguquli oqeqeshiweyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zombini.
Inkcubeko kunye neTranscreation: Ukudlula Uguqulelo lwaMagama
Inkcubeko yamaXhosa ityebile ngamaqhalo, izaci, kunye neendlela zokuthetha ezinxulumene nembali, indalo, kunye nobudlelwane boluntu. Ngokunjalo, isiBulgaria sithwele inkcubeko yeminyaka emininzi yaseBalkan, enembali etyebileyo kunye namabali emveli anamandla. Xa umguquli efumana ibinzana elifana nelithi "Inyathi ibuzwa kwabaphambili" esiXhoseni, akakwazi ukuliguqulela ngqo kwisiBulgaria ngoba intsingiselo iya kulahleka ngokupheleleyo kubafundi baseBulgaria. Apha kulapho kungena khona inkqubo ye-transcreation (uguqulelo loyilo).
Umguquli wemisebenzi emikhulu kufuneka afune ibinzana okanye iqhalo elilinganayo ngentsingiselo kwisiBulgaria elihambelana nalo mxholo. Umzekelo, iqhalo elibhekisa ekufuneni icebo kubantu abanamava. Oku kufuna ukuba umguquli abe yinkcuba-busi kuzo zombini ezi lwimi kunye neenkcubeko zazo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oku kubangela ukuba umbhalo ovunyiweyo ubonakale usecaleni, ungemnandi ukufundwa, kwaye ungabi nandlela yokufezekisa injongo yawo yokwenene. Inkcubeko ifuna ukuba sibe neentlonipho ezithile kwiimo zokuthetha, ngakumbi xa sithetha nabantu abadala okanye kwiimeko ezisesikweni, nto leyo efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kuzo zombini ezi lwimi.
Iingcebiso zokuPhucula uMgangatho woGuqulelo
Kubaguquli abafuna ukufezekisa iziphumo ezihle kakhulu xa beguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiBulgaria, nazi iingcebiso eziletshwe apha ngezantsi:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezichazi-magama ezikhethekileyo: Kuphephe ukusebenzisa izixhobo zoguqulelo zomatshini jikelele njengeGoogle Translate kwiimibhalo entsonkothileyo. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zihluleka ukubamba izakhiwo zesiXhosa kunye namaqhalo.
- Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa ialfabhethi yeCyrillic: Kubalulekile ukuba umguquli aqhelane nendlela yokubhala yesiBulgaria (Кирилица) ukuze akwazi ukuhlola nokulungisa uphelo-magama ngokuchanekileyo.
- Ukudala isichazi-magama somntu siqu (Glossary): Xa usebenza kwiprojekthi enkulu, dala uluhlu lwamagama ahambelana neso sihloko ukuze ugcine ukungaguquguquki kwesimbo nemigaqo (consistency) kumbhalo uphela.
- Ukuhlela nomhlobo okanye umntu othetha ilwimi njengeyabeleko: Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo ogqityiweyo uhlolwa ngumntu othetha isiBulgaria njengolwimi lwakhe lwabeleko (native speaker) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isandi sentetho siyaxhaphaka kwaye semvelo.
Izixhobo Zedijithali kunye neTekhnoloji kuGuqulelo lwale Mihla
Kule mihla yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, abaguquli abasasebenzisi nje iincwadi ezibhaliweyo zoguqulelo. Izixhobo ezifana nee-CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) zidlala indima enkulu ekukhawuleziseni nasekuphuculeni umgangatho woguqulelo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiBulgaria. Ezi zixhobo zivumela abaguquli ukuba badale i-Translation Memory (TM), egcina amagama nezivakalisi esele ziguqulelwe ngaphambili. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimibhalo yomthetho, yezobuchwepheshe, okanye yezonyango apho kusetyenziswa amagama afanayo rhoqo.
Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zomatshini (machine translation) kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngononophelo olukhulu. Ngenxa yokuba isiXhosa silulwimi olungafumani zixhobo zokufunda zomatshini ezaneleyo (low-resource language) xa sithelekiswa neelwimi zaseYurophu, uguqulelo lomatshini olusuka kwisiXhosa yiya kwisiBulgaria luhlala luzaliswe ziimpazamo zesakhiwo kunye nentsingiselo. Ngoko ke, indima yomguquli ongumntu isabaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola, ukulungisa, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo unika intsingiselo echanekileyo nenesandi esingqinekayo nesivakalayo ebantwini.
Ukuphucula i-SEO (Search Engine Optimization) kuGuqulelo lwedijithali
Kwilizwe lanamhlanje ledijithali, uninzi lwemibhalo eguqulewayo ipapashwa kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukuba uguqulelo lwakho kufuneka luthobele imithetho ye-SEO (Search Engine Optimization) ukuze lufumaneke lula kwiinjini zokukhangela ezinjengeGoogle. Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiBulgaria, kufuneka wenze uphando lwamagama angundoqo (keyword research) ngesiBulgaria. Ungasebenzisi nje ukuguqulelwa ngqo kwamagama angundoqo esiXhosa, kodwa khangela ukuba abasebenzisi baseBulgaria bakhangela njani loo mxholo kwi-intanethi.
Ukwakhiwa kweethegi zentloko (H1, H2, H3) kunye neenkcazo zemeta (meta descriptions) kufuneka kwenziwe ngobuchule obufanayo. Amagama angundoqo esiBulgaria kufuneka afakwe ngokwendalo kwizivakalisi ngaphandle kokwenza umbhalo ube nzima ukufundwa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nangona umbhalo usebenzisa ubuchule beelwimi obuphezulu, ukwazi ukutsala umdla wabasebenzisi kunye nealgoritm yeenjini zokukhangela, nto leyo eyonyusa ukubonakala kwewebhusayithi yakho kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye inceda ekufikeleleni kubafundi abaninzi.