Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Giswede (Svenska) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse ku miterere y'indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco wazo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'ababantu (Bantu languages) rushingiye ku nteko z'amazina n'uburyo bwo kwongera uturemajambo ku nshinga (agglutination). Ku rundi ruhande, Igiswede ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikijerimani cy'Amajyaruguru (North Germanic), rukoresha uburyo butandukanye bw'ikibonezamvugo, nk'ibihe by'inshinga n'ubwoko bw'amazina aherekezwa n'ingereka (en/ett). Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse imbogamizi, itandukaniro ry'ibanze ndetse n'inama zagufasha gukora ubuhinduzi bw'umwimerere n'ubunyamwuga.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswede
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi ke neza, agomba gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zombi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira mu buryo bw'ikibonezamvugo. Ibi bituma asohora inyandiko yumvikana neza mu Giswede kandi igumana ubutumwa bw'umwimerere bw'Ikinyarwanda.
Inteko z'Amazina mu Kinyarwanda n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina mu Giswede
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanyije mu nteko zikabakaba 16, aho buri zina rigira isano n'inteko ribarizwamo, kandi iyi nteko ikagena imiterere y'ibisingizo, ibinyazina, ndetse n'inshinga bifatanya. Mu Giswede ho, amazina agabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri gusa by'ingenzi: amazina y'urusange (utrum cyangwa "en-ord") ndetse n'amazina y'ibintu bitagira ubuzima (neutrum cyangwa "ett-ord"). Aho guhindura hakoreshejwe amahame y'inteko z'amazina, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya neza isano iri hagati y'iryo zina n'akajambo kari imbere yaryo (artiklar) ndetse n'ingereka zaryo mu bwinshi no mu bwisanzure.
Inshinga n'Ibihe mu ndimi zombi
Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite imiterere ikomeye cyane aho inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo umutwe w'ikinyazina cy'aho byabereye, igihe, ndetse n'icyerekezo cy'igikorwa (nk'inyongerabyereko cyangwa inyunganirashinga). Mu Giswede, inshinga zoroheje mu miterere yanzu y'inyuma ariko zikagira amategeko akomeye ku bihe (tempus) ndetse n'inshinga nkoranyabikorwa (hjälpverb) nka "har", "hade", "ska", cyangwa "skulle". Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo asobanure neza uburyo igikorwa cyakozwe nta kuburira na gake mu buryo bw'igihe kizaza cyangwa icyahise.
Uruhare rw'Umuco mu Buhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswede
Ubuhinduzi si uguhindura amagambo gusa ahubwo ni no guhuza imico ibiri itandukanye. Umuco w'Abanyarwanda urangwa n'ikinyabupfura gishingiye ku mateka, kubaha abakuze, ndetse n'imigani n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo. Naho umuco w'Abaswede ugengwa ahanini n'ihame rya "Lagom" (kugerera, kutarengera) ndetse n'umuco wo kwirinda gukoresha amagambo asumbanya abantu (social equality), ibi bikaba binagira ingaruka ku rurimi rwabo.
- Ikinyamupfura n'Ubwubahane: Mu Kinyarwanda, gukoresha "namwe" cyangwa "mwebwe" iyo uvugisha umuntu mukuru cyangwa uwo wubashye ni itegeko. Mu Giswede cy'iki gihe, bakoresha akajambo "du" (wowe) kuri buri muntu wese, hatitawe ku nzego cyangwa imyaka, uretse gusa iyo bavugisha umuryango w'ibwami (Kunga-familjen). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko ahuza iri tandukaniro nta kubangamira umuco w'ururimi rw'igihembwe.
- Imigani n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo: Imvugo nka "Guca akenge" cyangwa "Kubyibuha amaso" ntizishobora guhindurwa nk'uko amagambo yabyo ateye (literal translation). Mu Giswede, hagomba gushakwa imvugo zifite icyo zisobanura mu buryo bw'umuco wabo, nko gukoresha imvugo zabo bwite z'ikigereranyo nka "att ha skinn på näsan" (kugira uruhu ku gihanga - bisobanura kugira intege n'ubushake bwiza).
Imbogamizi z'Ingenzi mu Buhinduzi n'Uburyo bwo Kuzitsinda
Intambwe ya mbere yo gukora ubuhinduzi bwiza ni ukumenya aho amakosa akunze gukorwa aherereye. Hano hari zimwe mu mbogamizi rusange zigaragara iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Giswede:
- Imiterere y'interuro (Word Order - V2 rule): Ururimi rw'Igiswede rukurikiza itegeko rya "V2" (Verb Second), aho inshinga y'ingenzi igomba kuza ku mwanya wa kabiri mu nteruro isanzwe. Mu Kinyarwanda ho, imiterere y'interuro ishobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n'icyo ushaka gushimangira. Umuhinduzi agomba guhora atekereza ku miterere y'interuro y'Igiswede kugira ngo idasomeka nka "Kinyarwanda cyahinduwe mu Giswede".
- Ibikoresho n'Ibikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi: Ibiribwa, ibikoresho by'umuco, n'ibindi bintu byihariye by'u Rwanda (nka "Igisabo", "Umusezero", "Inzoga y'inkanga") nta magambo ahwanye na byo neza ari mu Giswede. Hano umuhinduzi ashobora gukoresha ibisobanuro birambuye (description) cyangwa akagumana ijambo ry'umwimerere hanyuma agashyiraho ibisobanuro mu ruziga (footnote).
- Imikoreshereze y'ikoranabuhanga n'amagambo mashya: Muri iki gihe cy'ikoranabuhanga, hari amagambo menshi y'ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu adafite inyito zizwi neza mu Kinyarwanda cyangwa yagombye gusobanurwa mu buryo bugari. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitwararika agakoresha amagambo asanzwe yumvikana neza mu Giswede nta guta injyana y'umwandiko.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswede
Niba wifuza kuba umuhinduzi w'indimi ukora neza kandi utanga umusaruro ufatika, dore inama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
1. Soma cyane inyandiko z'Igiswede cy'umwimerere: Ntugasome gusa inyandiko ushaka guhindura. Soma ibinyamakuru, bitabo, ndetse n'inyandiko z'amategeko mu Giswede. Ibi bizagufasha kumva neza injyana y'ururimi (idiomatic flow) n'uko amagambo akoreshwa mu nteruro zigezweho.
2. Koresha inkoranyaboholere n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga neza: Amadiko nka Lexin (inkoranyashusho n'indimi zinyuranye yo muri Suwede) ashobora kugufasha kumva neza amagambo n'inyito zikoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye. Ariko na none, wirinde kwiringira mudasobwa cyangwa uburyo bwo guhindura bwikora (machine translation) 100%, kuko bidashobora kumva umuco n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zikoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda.
3. Gusuzuma no gukosora (Proofreading): Buri gihe nyuma yo guhindura umwandiko, uwusome urangije, niba bishoboka uwuhe undi muntu ufite ururimi rw'Igiswede nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) awusome kandi awukosore. Ibi bituma ubona amakosa mato mato y'ikibonezamvugo cyangwa imyandikire yaba yabayemo.
Umusaruro w'Ubuhinduzi Bunoze
Ubuhinduzi bwiza hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiswede bufungura amayira menshi y'ubufatanye mu bucuruzi, uburezi, dipolomasi, ndetse n'umuco. Iyo umwandiko uhinduwe neza, bituma impande zombi zumvikana nta gushidikanya, kandi bikubaka icyizere hagati y'Abanyarwanda n'Abaswede. Buri muhinduzi rero agomba guhora yihugura, akurikiza amategeko y'indimi zombi, kandi akazirikana uruhare rw'umuco muri buri jambo n'interuro ahindura.