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Intshayelelo: Ibhulorho Edibanisa Iilwimi Ezimbini Ezikhethekileyo

Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezineembali neemvelaphi ezahluke ngokupheleleyo yenye yezona zinto zinzima kodwa zinomdla kakhulu kubuchwepheshe beelwimi zale mihla. IsiXhosa, ulwimi lwasekhaya lweBantu oluthethwa ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezilishumi zabantu eMzantsi Afrika, luphawulwa ngesakhiwo salo esikhethekileyo seemvumi, izivumelwano zezibizo, kunye nendlela yokwakha amagama (agglutinative language structure). Ngakolunye icala, isiYidishi lulwimi lwesizwe lwe-Ashkenazi lwamaYuda, oluneengcambu ze-Germanic kodwa luqulathe isigama esikhulu esivela esiHebhereni, isiAramiki, kunye neelwimi zeSlavic. Eli sikhokelo siphonononga ngokubanzi inkqubo, imingeni, kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzisekayo zokuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiYidishi, silungiselelwa abafundi, abaguquleli, kunye neengcali zeelwimi ezifuna ukwandisa ulwazi lwazo kulo mmandla unqabileyo wokuguqulela.

Ukwahluka Kweelwimi Nezinto Eziphambili Zegrama

Xa uqala uhambo lokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiYidishi, eyona nto yokuqala ekufuneka uyiqonde luyantlukwano ekhoyo kwisakhiwo kunye negrama yezi lwimi zimbini. IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa iiklasi zezibizo (noun classes) ezilawula yonke isentensi ngeziphakamiso nezivumelwano. Oku kuthetha ukuba isenzi, isichazi, kunye nezinye izahlulo zentetho kufuneka zivumelane nesibizo esichazwayo. Umzekelo, amagama afana nelithi "umntu omnye uyahamba" kunye nelithi "abantu ababini bayahamba" abonisa indlela izivumelwano eziguquka ngayo kuxhomekeke kwiklasi yesibizo. Esi sakhiwo sithathwa ngokuba sinenqanaba eliphezulu lochungechunge lokuhambelana kwezandi.

Ngokwahlukileyo, isiYidishi lulwimi olulandela isakhiwo seelwimi zaseJamani (West Germanic structure). Sinemigaqo yaso yegrama ekhonkxiweyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezaci, iimpawu zezibizo (gendered nouns: amadoda, abafazi, kunye nezingathathi cala), kunye neetyesi zegrama (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive cases). Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa, umguquleli kufuneka ahlakulele indlela yokuyila izivakalisi kwisiYidishi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yasekuqaleni. Oku kufuna ukuba kuguqulwe izivumelwano zeebhantu zisiya kwizakhiwo zeemeko ngezaci zesiYidishi. KwisiXhosa, amaxesha ezenzi alawulwa zizimaphambili (prefixes) ezifana no "-ya-" okanye izimamva (suffixes) ezifana no "-ile", ngelixa kwisiYidishi amaxesha adlulileyo edla ngokwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa izenzi eziziinkcedi (auxiliary verbs) ezifana no "hobn" (ukuba nento) okanye "zayn" (ukuba ngento) kunye nexesha elidlulileyo lesenzi (past participle) eliqala ngo "ge-".

Ukubhala Nokufunda: Ukusuka Emafini Ukuya Kwiphepha

Omnye wemingeni ebonakalayo kwangoko yindlela yokubhala yezi lwimi zimbini. IsiXhosa sibhalwa ngesicatshulwa sesiLatini (Latin script), esifundwa ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukudibanisa amagama nokuqonda ungcangcazelo lwesandi ngeempawu zokubhala eziqhelekileyo. Ngakolunye icala, isiYidishi sibhalwa ngesicatshulwa sesiHebhere (Hebrew alphabet), esifundwa ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokuguqulela ayipheleli nje ekuguquleni amagama, kodwa ikwabandakanya ukutshintsha kwengqondo yombhali kunye nendlela yokwakheka kokubhala.

Abaguquleli kufuneka baziqhelanise nendlela yopelo yesiYidishi, esebenzisa oonotshelwe (letters) besiHebhere ukumela izikhamiso nezandi ezikhethekileyo zesiYidishi (phonetic spelling). Kule meko, ukuba umbhali wesiXhosa ubhala ngezandi ezinjengeempompo (click sounds: c, q, x), la magama kufuneka aguqulelwe kwisiYidishi esebenzisa iileta ezikufutshane ngesandi okanye achazwe ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba umfundi wesiYidishi aqonde ukuba kuthethwa ngantoni na. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuguqulela akupheleli nje ekutshintsheni amagama, kodwa kukwaguqula indlela yokucinga kunye nembono yeelwimi eyahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-Afrika ne-Yurophu.

Imingeni Yenkcubeko Nokuguqulela Okuphathelele Kwimo (Transcreation)

Intsingiselo yombhalo isekelwe kakhulu kwinkcubeko yabantu abathetha olo lwimi. IsiXhosa sityebile ngezigama ezichaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu (Ubuntu), imicimbi yosapho, iziduko (clan names), kunye namasiko nezithethe zaseAfrika. Umzekelo, amagama afana nelithi "ukuthwasa", "ulwaluko", okanye "ilobola" aneentsingiselo ezikhethekileyo ezingenakufunyanwa ngokulula kwisiYidishi ngaphandle kokunika inkcazo ethe vetshe.

Ngokunjalo, isiYidishi sinembali ende yamaYuda aseYurophu, kwaye sityebile ngamagama achaza impilo yasemphefumlweni, inkolo, ubumanyano bentsapho (afana nelithi "mishpacha"), kunye nendlela yokuphila kwii-shtetls (iilali ezincinci zamaYuda) okanye iingcinga ezikhethekileyo ezifana nelithi "tsuris" (iinkathazo ezinkulu) kunye nelithi "nachas" (uvuyo lokuzingca ngempumelelo yabantwana bakho). Umguquleli ophumelelayo kufuneka asebenzise ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation—okuthetha ukuyila kwakhona umbhalo kulwimi lwesibini ukuze udlulise umoya ovakalayo ofanayo nowokuqala, endaweni yokuguqulela igama ngegama (literal translation). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isigidimi soqobo asilahleki kodwa sifikelela ngendlela efanelekileyo kulwimi olujoliswe kulo.

Amanyathelo Abalulekileyo Xa Uguqulela Ukusuka EsiXhoseni Ukuya EsiYidishini

• Amanyathelo 1: Uhlalutyo Lombhalo Wokuqala (Source Text Analysis): Fundisisa umbhalo wesiXhosa ukuze uqonde umxholo, ithoni (tone), kunye nesitayile sombhali. Chonga nasiphi na isigama esinzulu okanye intetho zamaqhalo ezingaba nzima ukuziguqulela.
• Amanyathelo 2: Ukuphuhlisa Isichazi-magama Seeprojekthi (Project Dictionary): Dala uluhlu lwamagama anqabileyo wesiXhosa kunye namagama alinganayo nawo kwisiYidishi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uya kusebenzisa amagama afanayo kuwo wonke umbhalo ukuze ube nembopheleleko engaguquguqukiyo.
• Amanyathelo 3: Ukubhala Uyilo Lokuqala (Drafting): Qala ukuguqulela ukhumbula ukuba isakhiwo sentetho yomameli (isiYidishi) kufuneka sivakale sendalo. Musa ukubambelela kwisakhiwo sentetho yesiXhosa ukuba sibangela ukuba isiYidishi sivakale singaqhelekanga okanye siphithikeza umfundi.
• Amanyathelo 4: Uhlengahlengiso Lwesakhiwo Sentetho (Refining Syntax): Hlola ukuba isakhiwo sentetho yesiYidishi silandela imigaqo yegrama yaseJamani, ngakumbi umgaqo wokuba isenzi sibe kwindawo yesibini kwisivakalisi esiphambili (V2 word order rules).
• Amanyathelo 5: Ukuqinisekisa Nokuhlela (Proofreading and Editing): Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngomnye umntu olwaziyo zombini ezi lwimi, okanye ngomntu othetha isiYidishi njengolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe (native speaker) ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo ucohekile kwaye uvakala kakuhle.

Iingcebiso Nezixhobo Eziluncedo Kubaguquleli

Ngenxa yokuba kungekho zichazi-magama zininzi zithe ngqo ezidibanisa isiXhosa nesiYidishi, abaguquleli kufuneka babe namacebo anjengala alandelayo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophakamileyo:

1. Sebenzisa Ulwimi Lwesithathu Njengebhulorho: Rhoqo, ukusebenzisa isiNgesi (English) okanye isiJamani (German) njengebhulorho phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiYidishi kunokuba luncedo kakhulu. Unokuguqulela umbhalo wesiXhosa aye kwisiNgesi kuqala, uze emva koko uwuse kwisiYidishi, ulumkele ukulahlekelwa zezo zinto zibalulekileyo zemo yengqondo nembali.
2. Thembela Kwizixhobo Ze-Intanethi Ne-corpus: Sebenzisa ii-corpus zeelwimi kunye nezichazi-magama zesiYidishi ezikwi-intanethi (ezifana ne-Yiddish Dictionary Project okanye izixhobo ze-YIVO Institute for Jewish Research) ukuqinisekisa isigama esichanekileyo kunye nopelo lwale mihla olusemthethweni.
3. Qwalasela Iindidi Zeelwimi (Dialects): IsiYidishi sineelwimi zasentshona kunye nezasempuma, ezinolwahlulo oluthile kwisandi nasebhaleni. Qiniseka ukuba wazi ukuba ngowuphi na umameli ojolise kuye ukuze ukhethe isitayile esifanelekileyo (umzekelo, isiYidishi esisemgangathweni - YIVO Standard Yiddish).

Ukuqukumbela: Ixabiso Lokwakha Ibhulorho Phakathi Kweelwimi

Ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiYidishi akungomsebenzi olula, kodwa yindlela entle kakhulu yokudibanisa uluntu lwezithethi zeelwimi ezimbini ezikhululekileyo nezinembali etyebileyo. Ngokulandela amanyathelo achanekileyo, ukuqonda iiyantlukwano zegrama nezenkcubeko, kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo zale mihla zokuguqulela, abaguquleli banokwakha ibhulorho eyomeleleyo phakathi kwezi lwimi. Oku kwenza ukuba uncwadi, imbali, kunye nengcinga zesiXhosa zifikelele kubafundi besiYidishi, nabo bazuze kubutyebi benkcubeko yaseAfrika. Umsebenzi onjalo unceda ekugcineni iilwimi zombini ziphila, zihloniphekile, kwaye zikwazi ukuthetha omnye nomnye kwihlabathi jikelele elikhula mihla le ngokunxibelelana.