Kumasulira malemba kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chijeremani (Deutsch) ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomwe imafuna luso lapamwamba komanso chidziwitso chozama cha zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi. Ngakhale kuti dziko likuyenda mofulumira chifukwa cha matekinoloje atsopano, kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo za m'banja la Bantu (monga Chichewa/Chinyanja) ndi zilankhulo za ku Ulaya monga Chijeremani kumatsalabe ngati luso lapadera lomwe limafuna kumvetsetsa kwambiri chikhalidwe komanso galamala. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kachitidwe ka kumasulira kumeneku, zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo, ndipo ipereka malangizo othandiza kuti womasulira athe kutulutsa ntchito yabwino kwambiri yosunga tanthauzo loyambirira komanso yomveka bwino kwa owerenga a Chijeremani.
Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe a Galamala ndi Magulu a Maina
Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri pakumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chijeremani ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa galamala pakati pa zilankhulozi. Chichewa ndi chilankhulo chomata (agglutinative language) chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) opitirira khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu. Gulu lililonse la dzina lili ndi zizindikiro zake (prefixes) zomwe zimatsogolera kapena kulamulira mgwirizano wa mawu onse m'chiganizo (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, ngati dzina lili m'gulu la "chi-", verebu ndi zigawo zina zonse ziyenera kukhala ndi chilembo cha gulu limenelo (monga: chinthu chachikulu chosangalatsa chawoneka).
Koma mu galamala ya Chijeremani, dongosololi ndilosiyana kotheratu. Chijeremani chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu atatu okha a maina malinga ndi chibadwa (genders): dzina la mwamuna (maskulin - der), dzina la mkazi (feminin - die), komanso dzina lopanda chibadwa champhamvu (neutral - das). Kuwonjezera apo, Chijeremani chili ndi kasinthidwe ka mawu malinga ndi momwe dzinalo likugwirira ntchito mu chiganizo, komwe kumatchedwa "Cases" (Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, ndi Genitiv). Choncho, posintha mawu a Chichewa kupita m'Chijeremani, womasulira sayenera kungomasulira dzina lokha, koma ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti asankha article yoyenera komanso asinthira mawuwo malinga ndi case yomwe ikufunika pa chiganizochi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kumasulira kuchedwe chifukwa chofuna kusunga malamulo okhwima a galamala ya Chijeremani.
Kasinthidwe ka Mawu pa Chiganizo (Word Order)
Kapangidwe ka ziganizo ndi gawo linanso lomwe omasulira ambiri amakumana ndi zopinga. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lozoloereka la "Subject-Verb-Object" (SVO). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiganizo chimayamba ndi yemwe akuchita chinthucho, n'kutsatira zochitikazo, ndipo pomaliza ndi chomwe chikuchitiridwacho. Dongosololi limakhala losavuta ndipo silisintha kwambiri ngakhale m'ziganizo zazitali kapena zothandizira.
Koma m'Chijeremani, dongosolo la mawu ndi lovuta kwambiri ndipo limasintha malinga ndi kachitidwe ka chiganizochi. M'ziganizo zodziyimira pawokha (Hauptsatz), verebu lolumikizidwa (conjugate verb) nthawi zonse limakhala pamalo achiwiri. Komabe, ngati chiganizocho chili chothandizira (Nebensatz), kapena ngati chili ndi ma verebu awiri (monga ma modal verbs), verebu lachiwiri kapena lothandizira limayenera kupita kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi. Womasulira wa Chichewa kupita m'Chijeremani ayenera kukhala ndi luso la kusonkhanitsa ziganizo mu mtima mwake asanayambe kuzilemba pansi kuti asadzataye katsatidwe koyenera ka galamala ya Chijeremani.
Nthawi ndi Kachitidwe ka Zochitika (Tenses and Aspect)
Kachitidwe kasonyezedwe ka nthawi m'Chichewa ndi m'Chijeremani kali ndi kusiyana kokhudza kwambiri tanthauzo. Chichewa chili ndi ma tense markers ambiri omwe amasonyeza osati nthawi yokha (past, present, future), komanso kachitidwe kapena mkhalidwe wa nthawiyo (aspect). Mwachitsanzo, pali kusiyana pakati pa "ndinkadya" (past imperfective), "ndinadya" (recent past perfective), ndipo "ndidadya" (remote past perfective). Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunika kwambiri m'Chichewa kuti owerenga adziwe nthawi yeniyeni komanso kachitidwe ka nkhaniyo.
Chijeremani chibe ma markers ochuluka ngati awa mwa njira yomata. Nthawi zambiri Chijeremani chimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ziwiri zokha zosonyeza zakale: Präteritum (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polemba) komanso Perfekt (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyankhula kapena kufotokoza zochitika zapafupi). Pofuna kutulutsa tanthauzo lachibadwa la ma aspect marker a Chichewa (monga marker ya chizolowezi "-ma-"), womasulira wa Chijeremani ayenera kuwonjezera ma adverbs kapena mawu othandizira monga "gewöhnlich" (kawirikawiri) kapena "früher" (kale) kuti afotokoze tanthauzo lenileni la malemba oyambirira.
Zovuta za Chikhalidwe komanso Miyambi
Kumasulira sikungolumikiza mawu, koma ndikulumikiza zikhalidwe ziwiri. Chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula Chichewa ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique chili ndi mfundo zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi moyo wa kumudzi, ubalfe, ulemu (ufulu), komanso miyambo. Mawu ambiri sangamasulidwe mwachindunji popanda kutaya mtengo wake kapena tanthauzo lake lenileni.
Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira mawu akuti "ufulu" kapena "gule wamkulu" kupita m'Chijeremani kumafuna njira ziwiri: womasulira akhoza kusunga mawuwo koma n'kuika tsatanetsatane pansi pa tsamba (footnotes), kapena kufotokoza mawuwo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "descriptive translation." Ponena za miyambi, womasulira sayenera kutanthauzira mawu amodzi-kamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mwambi wakuti "Mtsinje wamkulu umadzazidwa ndi timitsinje tating'ono" uyenera kumasuliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mwambi wa Chijeremani wokhala ndi tanthauzo lofana ndi limenelo, monga "Viele Bäche machen einen Fluss" (timitsinje tochepa timapanga mtsinje). Izi zimateteza kuti owerenga a ku Germany asamve ngati malembawo ndi achilendo kapena osamveka.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chijeremani
- Werengani ndi Kumvetsetsa Malemba Onse Kamba: Musanayambe kumasulira, werengani malemba onse a Chichewa kuti mumvetsetse bwino nkhani yonse (context) komanso cholinga chenicheni cha wolemba. Izi zimakuthandizani kusankha mawu oyenera omwe adzagwirizane ndi owerenga a Chijeremani.
- Pezani Chijeremani Lachibadwa (Natural German): Onetsetsani kuti malemba omwe mwatembenuzawo akumveka ngati adalembedwa mwachindunji m'Chijeremani. Pewani kutsatira galamala ya Chichewa potembenuza ziganizo chifukwa zotsatira zake jodzakhala zosalala kapena zovuta kuziwerenga.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Madikishonare ndi Zida Zodalirika: Popeza palibe madikishonare ochuluka achindunji a Chichewa kupita ku Chijeremani, gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare a Chichewa-Chingerezi ndiyeno n'kugwiritsa ntchito Chingerezi-Chijeremani pofuna kutsimikizira matanthauzo azigawo zovuta.
- Kusamalira Kusiyana kwa Kulemekezana: Chichewa chili ndi mawu apadera ogwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza ulemu (monga kugwiritsa ntchito "inuyo" kapena kuwonjezera ma prefix aulemu pa verebu). M'Chijeremani, womasulira ayenera kusankha ngati agwiritse ntchito njira yaulemu ya "Sie" kapena yochezeka ya "du."
- Bwerezani Kuwerenga (Proofreading): Nthawi zonse, pambuyo pomaliza ntchito yanu, bwererani kudzawerenganso malemba a Chijeremani kuti mukonze zolakwika zilizonse za galamala, kalembedwe ka mawu (orthography), komanso katsatidwe ka ziganizo.
Kutembenuza zilankhulo kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chijeremani ndiko kupanga mlatho wapakati pa Africa ndi Europe. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso champhamvu cha malamulo a zilankhulo zonse ziwiri komanso kusamala kwambiri zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe, omasulira amatha kutulutsa ntchito yomveka bwino, yaukadaulo, komanso yothandiza pothandizira kuti anthu a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana athe kumvetsetsana bwino.