Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili zomdabu zase-Afrika kungaba ngomunye wemisebenzi ethakazelisa kakhulu kodwa futhi edinga uqeqesho olujulile. IsiZulu, esingesinye sezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, nesiMalagasy, ulimi olusemthethweni lwaseMadagascar, zimele imindeni yezilimi ehlukene ngokuphelele. Nakuba zombili lezi zilimi zitholakala esifundeni esisodwa saseNingizimu ne-Afrika (uma kubalwa neziqhingi zasolwandle), izakhiwo zazo, imilando yazo, kanye nezindlela zazo zokuxhumana zihlukene kakhulu. Leli phepha lihlose ukuhlaziya kabanzi izinqubo, izinselelo, kanye namathiphu abalulekile okuhumusha kusukela kusiZulu kuya kusiMalagasy, ngenhloso yokusiza abahumushi ukuba baveze umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu noqondakala kalula.
Umehluko Phakathi KwesiZulu NesiMalagasy
IsiZulu singaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Niger-Congo, ikakhulukazi eqenjini lezilimi zesiBantu (Nguni). Lokhu kusho ukuthi isakhiwo saso sincike kakhulu ezivumelwaneni yenhloko nesenzo, kanye nasezigabeni zamabizo. Umqondo wamagama esiZulu wakhiwa ngokungeza iziqalo (prefixes) ezimpandeni zamagama. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiMalagasy singaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Austronesian, ikakhulukazi izilimi ze-Malayo-Polynesian. Lokhu kwenza isiMalagasy sihlobane kakhulu nezilimi zase-Indonesia, eMalaysia, nasePhilippines kunezilimi zezwekazi lase-Afrika. Isakhiwo saso sincike ekusebenziseni iziqalo, izijobelelo (suffixes), kanye nezinomfi (infixes) ukuze kuguqulwe incazelo amagama.
Isakhiwo Semisho Nendlela Yokubhala
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu lapho uhumusha kusukela kusiZulu kuya kusiMalagasy yisakhiwo semisho. IsiZulu silandela indlela ejwayelekile ye-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Isibonelo: "Umfana (Subject) ufundisa (Verb) intombazane (Object)." Lapha, inhloko iza kuqala, ilandelwe isenzo, bese kulandela umenziwa. Ngokungafani nesiZulu, isiMalagasy silandela isakhiwo se-Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo siza kuqala emshweni, silandelwe umenziwa, bese inhloko iza ekugcineni. Isibonelo esifanayo ngesiMalagasy singaba: "Mampianatra (Verb) ny tovovavy (Object) ny zazalahy (Subject)." Umhumushi kufanele aqaphele kakhulu le nguquko ukuze agweme ukuhumusha ngezwi nezwi okungadala ukudideka okukhulu kubafundi baseMadagascar.
Izinhlobo Zezinselelo Ngesikhathi Sokuhumusha
- Izigaba Zamabizo: IsiZulu sinezigaba zamabizo ezingaphezu kwezingu-15 (Noun Classes), lapho igama ngalinye linesivumelwano salo esithinta isenzo, isichasiso, nesikhonzi. IsiMalagasy asinalo lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezigaba zamabizo, okwenza umhumushi kudingeke afune ezinye izindlela zokuveza ubunye, ubuningi, noma izimo zamabizo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yincazelo yangempela.
- Izinkathi Zenzo (Tenses): Uhlelo lwezinkathi zenzo esiZulu lubanzi kakhulu, luhlanganisa izinkathi ezedlule eziseduze, ezikude, nezinkathi ezizayo ezihlukene. IsiMalagasy sisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezithile ezingezwa ekuqaleni kwesenzo ukuze zikhombise inkathi (isibonelo: "m-" yamanje, "n-" yedlule, "h-" yezayo). Nakuba lokhu kubonakala kulula, ukuhumusha imiqondo emihle yezikhathi zesiZulu kudinga ukuba umhumushi akhethe kahle amagama ahambisana nengqikithi yendaba.
- Amagama Ahambisana Nendawo (Vocabulary Adaptation): Ngenxa yokuthi abantu baseMadagascar baphila esiqhingini kanti amaZulu ahlala ezweni elikhulu, kukhona amagama emvelo, ezilwane, nezitshalo akhona kusiZulu kodwa angekho kusiMalagasy, nalawo akhona kusiMalagasy kodwa angekho kusiZulu. Umhumushi kufanele asebenzise izindlela zokuchaza (descriptive translation) noma ukuboleka amagama lapho kudingeka khona.
Amasiko Nemifanekiso-mcondo (Cultural Transcreation)
Ukuhumusha akusona nje ukushintsha amagama usuka kolunye ulimi uya kolunye, kodwa kuwukuxhuma amasiko amabili ahlukene. Emphakathini wamaZulu, umqondo we-Ubuntu ubaluleke kakhulu futhi ubonakala nasendleleni yokukhuluma enhloniphekile (ukuhlonipha). Emphakathini waseMadagascar, kukhona umqondo ofanayo obizwa ngokuthi "Fihavanana", obonakalisa ubudlelwano obuhle, ukubambisana, nokuhloniphana phakathi kwabantu. Lapho uhumusha izincwadi, izinkulumo, noma imibhalo yezenhlalo, kubalulekile ukuthi umhumushi afune izisho noma izindlela zokukhuluma ngesiMalagasy ezihambisana nale mibono yamasiko ukuze umbhalo uzwakale ungowokuzalwa.
Isibonelo, izisho zesiZulu eziningi zisebenzisa izinkomo njengomfanekiso-mcondo (ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo emlandweni nasemasikweni amaZulu). Lapho uhumushela kubantu baseMadagascar, lapho izinkomo (ikakhulukazi izebu) nazo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezamasiko nasenkolweni, umhumushi angathola ukuthi kulula ukusebenzisa izinkomba ezifanayo. Nokho, kudingeka uqaphisise kakhulu ukuze ungadidi umfundi ngezindlela zokuziphatha eziqondene kuphela ne-South Africa.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Osezingeni Eliphezulu
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha kusukela kusiZulu kuya kusiMalagasy uba yimpumelelo, landela lezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- Ungahumushi ngezwi nezwi: Njalo gxila ekuhumusheni umqondo noma ingqikithi yomusho (sense-for-sense translation). Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-SVO ne-VOS, ukuhumusha ngezwi nezwi kuzokwenza umbhalo wesiMalagasy ungafundeki futhi ungazwakali kahle.
- Hlaziya Inhloso Yombhalo: Buza ukuthi ngabe umbhalo obhalelwe bani futhi ubhalelweni. Uma kuwumbhalo wezomthetho, udinga ukunemba okukhulu kwamagama. Uma kuwumbhalo wokukhangisa, udinga ukunemba okungatheni kodwa kudingeka uhunyushwe ngendlela edonsa umuzwa womfundi (transcreation).
- Sebenzisa Izichazamazwi Neziqondiso Ezifanele: Nakuba izichazamazwi ezikhona phakathi kwesiZulu nesiMalagasy zizimbalwa kakhulu, sebenzisa izichazamazwi zesiNgisi njengebhuloho lapho uhlangabezana nobunzima. Zama ukwakha uhlu lwakho lwamagama (glossary) ukuze uqinisekise ukungaguquguquki kwegama ngalinye (consistency).
- Hlanganisa Abahlaziyi Abangomdabu: Njalo lapho uqeda ukuhumusha, thola umuntu okhuluma isiMalagasy njengolimi lwakhe lwebele ukuba ahlole umbhalo (proofreading). Lokhu kusiza ekulungiseni izakhiwo zemisho ezingezwakali kahle kanye namaphutha olwazi lwendabuko.
Isiphetho Sentuthuko Kwezokuxhumana Nezilimi
Uhambo lokuhumusha phakathi kwesiZulu nesiMalagasy luvula amathuba amasha okwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika neMadagascar. Ngokusebenzisa amathiphu abalulekile agxile ekuqondeni isakhiwo solimi ngalunye kanye nokuhlonipha amasiko omphakathi okuhunyushwa kuwo, abahumushi bangakwazi ukunqoba zonke izinselelo ezikhona. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokuxhumana kodwa kusekela nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zomdabu ezwenikazi lethu lase-Afrika.