Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo buhamye hagati y'indimi zifite amateka n'imiryango itandukanye cyane ni umwe mu mirimo itoroshye ariko ufite akamaro kadasanzwe mu gusangira ubumenyi n'umuco. Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa na miliyoni z'abantu muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, n'Ikinyestoniya (Estonian), ururimi rw'Ikifinuguriki (Finno-Ugric) rukoreshwa muri Baltique, bifite imiterere y'indimi n'amateka atandukanye cyane. Muri iki kiganiro, turasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, inzitizi zikunze kugaragara, n'inama z'inzobere zatuma umuhinduzi abasha gutanga umusaruro mwiza kandi wizerwa igihe ahindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ajyana mu Kinyestoniya.
Isano n'Imiterere Byihariye by'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyestoniya
Kugira ngo ubashe guhindura neza inyandiko runaka, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa umuryango buri rurimi rukomokamo n'imiterere yarwo. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rushingiye ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes), aho ijambo ryose rihuzwa n'irindi hashingiwe ku nteko yaryo binyuze mu biranga-nteko (prefixes). Ku rundi ruhande, Ikinyestoniya ni ururimi rudashingiye ku nteko z'amazina cyangwa se ku gitsina cy'amazina (gender-neutral), ariko rukaba rukungahaye cyane ku nteruro zishingiye ku nsobanuro z'amazina (cases/käände). Ikinyestoniya gifite ibyiciro by'amazina (cases) bigera kuri 14 bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu kuranga aho ikintu kiri, aho giturutse, icyo ari cyo, n'ibindi, ibi bikaba bitandukanye cyane n'imiterere y'Ikinyarwanda ikoresha icyitwa inyandiko y'inyongerazina (prepositions/suffixes) n'inteko z'amazina.
Inzitizi z'Imiterere y'Indimi (Linguistic Challenges) mu Guhindura
Hariho ibintu byinshi by'ibanze bitandukanya izi ndimi zombi, kandi umuhinduzi wese agomba kubyitwararika kugira ngo inyandiko isobanurwa itakaza uburyohe n'ukuri kwayo:
- Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Imigereka: Mu Kinyarwanda, ibihe by'inshinga biba bitandukanye cyane (urugero: icyahise kitarakera, icyahise cyakera, n'ibindi). Mu Kinyestoniya, ibihe ntabwo biba byinshi gutya, ariko bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kwerekana niba igikorwa cyararangiye cyangwa niba kigikomeza binyuze mu miterere y'inshinga zabo n'inyongeragaciro zizikurikira.
- Guhuza Amajwi n'Inyuguti (Phonology and Orthography): Uburyo inyuguti n'amajwi by'Ikinyarwanda biteye biroroshye kandi bikurikiza amategeko yoroshye y'amasindwi (syllables), mu gihe Ikinyestoniya gifite amajwi y'indobanure (vowels) atandukanye nka ä, ö, ü, n'inyuguti idasanzwe ya õ. Ibi bishobora kugora umuhinduzi igihe agomba kwandika amazina y'abantu cyangwa y'ahantu mu buryo bwumvikana mu rurimi rw'intego.
- Nta Gitsina mu Mazina: Indimi zombi zihuriye ku kuba zidafite ibitsina by'amazina (gender-neutral). Kurugero, mu Kinyarwanda "yavuze" cyangwa mu Kinyestoniya "ta rääkis" bikoreshwa haba ku mugabo cyangwa ku mugore. Ibi byoroshya akazi mu rwego runaka, ariko bikaba bisaba kwitonda kugira ngo mu nteruro hagati hatabaho urujijo ku cyo bavuga niba ari umugore cyangwa umugabo igihe bisabwa kwumvikana neza.
Inzira n'Inyito z'Umuco (Cultural Transcreation)
Ururimi ntabwo ari amagambo gusa, ahubwo ni umuyoboro w'umuco. Ikinyarwanda kirimo imigani, ibisingizo, n'imvugo z'ikinyabupfura zishingiye ku mateka n'imibereho y'Abanyarwanda. Mu Kinyestoniya na ho, hariho imvugo n'amasano ashingiye ku buzima bw'amajyaruguru y'Uburayi, amashyamba, n'ibihe by'imbeho bikaze. Umuhinduzi ntakwiye guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation), ahubwo agomba guhindura igitekerezo (meaning-based translation). Urugero, imvugo nka "kuzura amaso" cyangwa "kugira umutima mwiza" zigomba gushakirwa imvugo zihuye na zo mu Kinyestoniya zituma umusomyi waho yumva neza ubutumwa nta gushidikanya.
Inama z'Inzobere ku Muhinduzi w'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyestoniya
Kugira ngo umusaruro w'akazi kawe ube uwo ku rwego rwo hejuru, kurikiza izi nama z'ingenzi:
- Soma ubanze usobanukirwe inyandiko yose: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura, soma inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo umenye intego yayo, umwuka irimo (tone), n'abo igenewe. Ibi bizagufasha guhitamo amagambo akwiye mu Kinyestoniya.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zikomeye n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga: Nubwo ikoranabuhanga ritakora akazi kose, gukoresha ibikoresho nka CAT Tools (Computer-Assisted Translation) n'inkoranyamagambo z'indimi zombi bifasha kubungabunga ubumwe bw'inyandiko (consistency).
- Baza inzobere z'ururimi rw'intego: Niba Ikinyestoniya atari ururimi rwawe ryavukire, ni byiza kugira inshuti cyangwa umukoresha w'inzobere mu Kinyestoniya uzasoma inyandiko yawe bwa nyuma (proofreading) kugira ngo arebe niba yanditse mu buryo bw'umwimerere waho.
- Kiha igihe cyo gusubiramo: Nyuma yo guhindura, shaka akanya uruhuke hanyuma ugaruke usome inyandiko yawe bitari mu rwego rwo guhindura amagambo, ahubwo mu rwego rwo kureba niba interuro zitemba neza kandi zumvikana mu Kinyestoniya.
Umwanzuro n'Ahazaza h'Ubusemu
Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Kinyestoniya ni umuyoboro ukomeye uhuza Afurika n'Uburayi binyuze mu nyandiko. Nubwo ari inzira irimo imbogamizi z'imiterere y'indimi n'umuco, kwihangana, kwiga ubudahwema, n'ugukoresha inama twagaragaje hejuru bizatuma umuhinduzi wese agera ku ntego ye yo gutanga inyandiko isobanutse neza, yubashye amategeko y'indimi zombi, kandi inyura abayisoma.