Kumasulira pakati pa ziyankhulo ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mizu yosiyana kotheratu monga Chichewa ndi Chifarsi (Persian) ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu, kumvetsetsa kwambiri galamala, komanso chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula ziyankhulozi. Chichewa ndi chiyankhulo cha m'banja la Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, pomwe Chifarsi ndi chiyankhulo cha m'banja la Indo-European chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Iran, Afghanistan (monga Dari), ndi Tajikistan (monga Tajiki). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo omwe angathandize omasulira kuthana ndi zopinga pochita ntchito imeneyi.
Kusiyana kwa Kamangidwe ka Ziganizo (Syntax) ndi Dongosolo la Mawu
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe womasulira aliyense ayenera kuziganizira ndi kamangidwe ka ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, kamangidwe ka chiganizo nthawi zambiri kamatsatira dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Mwachitsanzo, mu chiganizo choti "Mwana akuwerenga buku", "Mwana" ndi Subject (mchiti), "akuwerenga" ndi Verb (mchitidwe), ndipo "buku" ndi Object (cholandira mchitidwe).
Koma mu Chifarsi, dongosolo limasintha n'kukhala Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Chiganizo chomwechi chikamangidwa mu Chifarsi chiyenera kukhala ndi mchitidwe (verb) pamapeto penipeni pa chiganizochi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kusintha dongosolo lonse la malingaliro m'mutu mwake kuti athe kupanga chiganizo chomveka komanso chachibadwa mu Chifarsi. Ngati womasulira atsatira dongosolo la Chichewa popanda kusintha, chiganizocho chikhala chosamveka komanso chododometsa kwa anthu olankhula Chifarsi.
Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) ndi Galamala ya Chifarsi
Chichewa chimadziwika ndi dongosolo lake lalikulu la magulu a maina (noun classes), komwe maina amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi matchulidwe awo (monga Mu-A, M-Mi, Chi-Zi, ndi ena). Dongosololi limakhudza momwe ziganizo zimapangidwira chifukwa mawu ena onse monga maverebu, mafotokozedwe a maina (adjectives), ndi matchulidwe ena amayenera kugwirizana ndi gulu la dzinalo (noun class agreement).
Kumbali inayi, Chifarsi chilibe dongosolo la magulu a maina ngati la Chichewa, ndipo chilibenso kusiyana kwa amuna kapena akazi (gender markers) pa maina kapena maverebu. Izi zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pamene mukumasulira. Mawu a Chichewa omwe ali ndi tsatanetsatane wa magulu a maina ayenera kumasuliridwa mu Chifarsi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga kuwonjezera mawu ofotokozera kuti tanthauzo lenileni lisatayike. Mwachitsanzo, posiyanitsa zinthu zamoyo ndi zinthu zopanda moyo, zomwe mu Chichewa zimadziwika kudzera m'magulu a maina, mu Chifarsi zimagwiritsa ntchito maverebu osiyana pang'ono kapena mawu amgwirizano a plural (monga ogwirizana ndi zinthu zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo).
Kalembedwe ndi Zilembo Zosiyana
Kusiyana kwina koonekera ndi zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini (Latin alphabet), zomwe zimalembedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Koma Chifarsi chimalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chiarabu (Perso-Arabic script), ndipo chimalembedwa kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere. Izi sizikhudza kalembedwe kokha, komanso kapangidwe ka masamba ndi zikalata zamakono pa kompyuta (RTL layout).
Womasulira ayenera kukhala tcheru ndi zilembo zogwirizanitsa mawu. Mu Chifarsi, pali kamangidwe kake kamene kamatchedwa "Ezafe", komwe kamagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza maina ndi mafotokozedwe awo kapena kusonyeza umwini. Izi sizilembedwa nthawi zonse, koma ziyenera ketchulidwa ndi kuwerengedwa. Choncho, kudziwa bwino galamala ya Chifarsi n'kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu athe kuwerenga ndi kumasulira bwino mawu omwe alibe zilembo zofotokoza zolumikizana izi.
Ulemu ndi Kulemekezana mu Kumasulira (Politeness and Honorifics)
Kulemekezana ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula Chichewa komanso Chifarsi. Mu Chichewa, ulemu umaonetsedwa kudzera m'matchulidwe ndi maverebu. Mwachitsanzo, tikamalankhula ndi munthu wamkulu kapena wachifumu, timagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina a chambiri (plural) ngakhale ali munthu m'modzi, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Atsogoleri akufika" kapena "Bambo akudya" (pogwiritsa ntchito kapelekedwe ka "a-").
Mu Chifarsi, pali dongosolo lalikulu komanso lofunika kwambiri lotchedwa "Ta'arof". Limeneli ndi dongosolo la ulemu, kudzichepetsa, ndi ulemu wapamwamba womwe umapezeka pazokambirana zonse za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mukamamasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chifarsi, womasulira ayenera kudziwa bwino nkhaniyo kuti athe kusankha maverebu komanso matchulidwe oyenerera. Ngati nkhaniyo ikufuna ulemu waukulu, womasulira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a ulemu mu Chifarsi (monga "shomā" m'malo mwa "to" pa mawu oti "inu/iwe") komanso kusankha mawu amene amasonyeza kudzichepetsa kwa wolankhula ndi kulemekeza wolandira uthenga. Kulephera kuchita izi kungapangitse kuti uthengawo uwoneke ngati wamwano kapena wopanda ulemu kwa olankhula Chifarsi.
Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi ya Ziyankhulo Izi
Kumasulira mawu sangakhale kumasulira chabe zilembo kapena galamala; ndikumasulira chikhalidwe. Mu Chichewa, muli miyambi yambiri komanso mafotokozedwe omwe amadalira kwambiri moyo wa anthu a mu Afirika, makamaka zinthu monga ulimi, nyama zakuthengo, ndi maubwenzi a pabanja ndi mudzi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu ngati "Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe" amapereka tanthauzo la mgwirizano.
Mu Chifarsi, chomwe chili ndi mbiri yakale ya ndakatulo ndi mabuku komanso chikhalidwe chakummawa kwa dziko (Middle East), muli miyambi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosonyezera mgwirizano kapena mfundo zofanana ndi zimenezi. Womasulira sayenera kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation), koma ayenera kufufuza mwambi wofanana nawo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu olankhula Chifarsi (monga kufotokoza mgwirizano kudzera m'miyambi ya ndakatulo ya Saadi kapena Hafez). Izi zimathandiza kuti uthengawo ufikire owerenga m'njira yomveka komanso yosangalatsa.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa ndi Chifarsi
- Mvetsetsani nkhani yonse (Context): Nthawi zonse muziwerenga chikalata chonse musanayambe kumasulira kuti mumvetsetse cholinga komanso toni ya uthengawo.
- Pezani mawu ofanana (Cultural Equivalence): Pewani kumasulira mawu ndi mawu. Nthawi zonse yesetsani kupeza mawu kapena miyambi yomwe imagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha chiyankhulo chomwe mukumasuliracho.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zida zamakono: Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare odalirika komanso zida zamakono zothandizira kumasulira (CAT tools) kuti mukhale ndi kusinthasintha kosavuta pakati pa malembedwe a LTR ndi RTL.
- Bwerezani kuwerenga (Proofreading): Mukamaliza kumasulira, lolani katswiri wina wodziwa bwino Chifarsi kuti awonenso ntchitoyo kuti atsimikizire kuti ikumveka bwino komanso ilibe zolakwika za kalembedwe.