Ukuguqulela uncwadi, imibhalo yezomthetho, okanye imixholo yedijithali ukusuka elwimini lwesiXhosa ukuya elwimini lwesiGridi (isiGrike) yinkqubo entsonkothileyo efuna ukuqonda okuluqilima kweelwimi zombini kunye neenkcubeko zazo. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwesintu sasemazantsi e-Afrika, sinolwakhiwo olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwisiGridi, esilulwimi lwe-Indo-European esinonxibelelwano lwembali ende nembali yezentlalo eYurophu. Kolu xwebhu, siza kuphonononga imiceli-mngeni, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zolwimi, kunye neengcebiso ezibalulekileyo zokwenza olu guqulelo lube yimpumelelo kunye nokugcina intsingiselo yoqobo.
Ulwakhiwo Lweelwimi Nendlela Ezohluke Ngayo
Xa sijonga ulwakhiwo lweelwimi zombini, sifumanisa ukuba isiXhosa silulwimi oludibanisayo (agglutinative language). Oku kuthetha ukuba amagama akhiwa ngokudibanisa izimaphambili (prefixes) kunye nezimva (suffixes) kwisiqu segama (root word). Umzekelo, isenzi sinokuba nezalathisi zentloko, ixesha, isenzo, kunye nezinye izinto zonke zidityaniswe kwigama elinye. Kwelinye icala, isiGridi silulwimi oluguquguqukayo (inflected language), apho iziphelo zamagama (inflections) zitshintsha ukubonisa isini (gender), inani (number), itheyile (case), kunye nexesha lesenzi (tense).
Omnye umahluko omkhulu ngulowo wekhasi okanye "amacwecwe emigaqo yolwimi" (grammatical cases). IsiGridi sisebenzisa iinkqubo ezine zamacwecwe emigaqo yolwimi: i-nominative, accusative, genitive, kunye ne-vocative. Oku kuthetha ukuba amabizo, izaphambi-magama, kunye nezichazi zitshintsha imo yazo ngokuxhomekeke kwindima yazo esivakalasini. EsiXhoseni, le ntsingiselo idla ngokuboniswa ngeziphathamandla zolwakhiwo lweklasi yamabizo (noun classes) kunye neziphambili zesivumelwano sokuhlanganisa (agreement prefixes). Umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokutshatisa ezi nkqubo zimbini zohlukeneyo ngaphandle kokulahlekisa umfundi okanye ukulahla intsingiselo entle yolwimi.
Izakhiwo Zeentetho Kunye Nezenzi
IsiGridi saziwa ngokuba nenkqubo yezakhiwo zezenzi (verb system) entsonkothileyo kakhulu, enemiqathango ebonisa inkangeleko yesenzo (aspect), imo (mood), ixesha (tense), kunye nelizwi (voice). Xa uguqulela isenzi sesiXhosa esiGrikini, kufuneka uhlalutye ngononophelo ukuba ngaba isenzo lowo sithetha ngaso siyaqhubeka na (imperfective aspect) okanye senzeke kanye saza saphela (perfective aspect). EsiXhoseni, nangona sinazo iindlela zokubonisa ixesha nezimo zezenzi, zihlala zixhomekeke kumxholo okanye kwiintsingiselo ezithile ezithwalwa ziziphambili zezenzi ezahlukeneyo.
Kule nkalo, ulungelelwaniso lwamagama esivakalasini (word order) nalo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. IsiXhosa silandela inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Nangona kunjalo, isiGridi sinesantya esikhululekileyo sokulungelelanisa amagama (flexible word order) ngenxa yokuba iziphelo zamagama zicacisa kakuhle ukuba ngubani owenza ntoni. Oku kunika abaguquleli baseGridini isithuba sokugxininisa izinto ezithile esivakalasini ngokuhambisa amagama, kodwa kufuneka kulumkelwe ukuba ukuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwisakhiwo se-SVO sesiXhosa kungabonakala kulula kakhulu okanye kungekho sikweni kwisiGridi esibhaliweyo esikwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Iiyure Zokutolika Inkcubeko Nezaci
Ukuguqulela akukho malunga nokutshintsha amagama kuphela; kumalunga nokutshintsha iinkcubeko. IsiXhosa sizityebile ngezaci namaqhalo azaliswe yimbali, amasiko, kunye nendlela yokuphila yabantu baseMzantsi Afrika. Ngokufanayo, isiGridi sinembali yeminyaka emawakawaka equka intsomi, ubufilosofi, kunye nonqulo lobuOthodoki olushiye uphawu olukhulu elwimini nasendleleni yokuthetha.
Umzekelo, xa umbhali wesiXhosa esebenzisa ibinzana elinxulumene nemfuyo okanye ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bendlu enye okanye amasiko afana ne-Ubuntu, umguquleli akanako ukuliguqulela ngokoqobo elwimini lwesiGridi, kuba lingalahlekelwa yintsingiselo yalo yoqobo okanye libonakale lingaqhelekanga kubafundi baseGrisi. Kufuneka kufunyanwe ibinzana elihambelanayo kwisiGridi (cultural equivalent) elithwala umoya ofanayo wengcinga kunye nentlonipho. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation (ukuguqulela ngokudala kabusha umxholo) endaweni yokuguqulela nje amagama ngokoqobo.
Ukukhethwa Kwamagama kunye ne-Orthography
Xa kuthengiswa okanye kufuneka kubhalwe izinto ezifana namagama abantu namagama eendawo afana namalungu asekuhlaleni aseMzantsi Afrika, umguquleli ujongana nomnye umceli-mngeni omkhulu: isipelingi kunye nokuguqulelwa kwezandi. IsiXhosa sinezandi zeklik (click sounds - c, q, x) ezingekhoyo kwaphela kulwimi lwesiGridi. Xa kufuneka ubhale igama elifana nelokuba "Qonce" okanye "Xhosa" ngesiGridi, umguquleli kufuneka asebenzise unxibelelwano lwezandi (phonetic transcription). Oku kufuna ukuba abhale amagama ngendlela eza kuvumela umfundi waseGrisi ukuba alibize igama elo ngokusondeleyo kwindlela elibizwa ngayo yoqobo, nangona izandi zeklik zingenakubhaleka lula kwi-alfabethi yesiGridi. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa oonobumba baseGridini njenge 'Κ' okanye 'Τσ' ukumela izandi ezithile zesiXhosa.
Ukongeza kulo mceli-mngeni wezandi, kukho nomba wokhetho lwesigama (terminology selection). Imiyalelo ye-SEO ifuna ukuba umbhalo ube namagama aphindaphindwayo kakhulu asetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi xa bakhangela kwi-intanethi. Umguquleli kufuneka enze uphando ngamagama angundoqo afanelekileyo elwimini lwesiGridi ukuze aqinisekise ukuba umbhalo ofakwe kwi-intanethi uza kufumaneka lula xa abantu bekhangela ngenguqulelo okanye ngezihloko ezinxulumene nobudlelwane beelwimi zombini okanye iinkonzo zokuguqulela phakathi kwala mazwe mabini.
Iintlobo zeMibhalo kunye neZitayile zokuBhala
Inkqubo yokuguqulela ikwancike kakhulu kuhlobo lombhalo (text genre). Umbhali osibhala ngesiXhosa isicatshulwa somthetho okanye sezemali uza kusebenzisa amagama asemthethweni antsonkothileyo. Xa lo mbhalo uguqulelwa kwisiGridi, indlela yokubhala kufuneka ihambelane nezithethe zomthetho waseGrisi naseYurophu. Ukuguqulelwa kwemibhalo yezenkolo nawo afuna ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo, njengoko isiGridi sinembali ende yokuba lilwimi lwemibhalo yokuqala yobuKristu (Greek New Testament), ngelixa isiXhosa sinolwimi oluchumileyo lwezithethe zolwaluko nemithandazo yakwantu efuna inkathalo kakhulu ukuze ingagqwethwa kwisiGridi.
Iingcebiso Eziphambili Kubaguquleli BaseXhoseni Masibayise EsiGrikini
- Qonda Umxholo Wembali Nenkcubeko: Phambi kokuba uqale ukuguqulela, funda ngembali yombhalo lowo. Ukuba umbhalo usebenzisa amagama athile enkcubeko yesiXhosa, cinga ngendlela yokuchaza la magama ngesiGridi ngaphandle kokulahla umxholo okanye ngokufaka amagqabantshintshi ezantsi kwephepha (footnotes).
- Lumkela Iiklasi Zamabizo Neziphumo Zazo: EsiXhoseni amabizo ahlulwe ngokweeklasi ezili-15 nangaphezulu. Isivumelwano sithatha indima enkulu. Qinisekisa ukuba uliqonda kakuhle igrama yesiGridi ukuze ukwazi ukutshatisa la mabizo kunye nezichazi zesiGridi ezifuna ukuhambelana ngesini kunye nenani.
- Sebenzisa Izichazi-magama Ezithembekileyo: Nangona kungekho zixhobo zininzi zedijithali ezeguqulela ngqo ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiGridi, unokusebenzisa isiNgesi njengelwimi elikhongozayo (bridge language). Kodwa lumka: ukuguqulela kabini kungadala iimpazamo ezongezelelweyo ngenxa yokulahleka kwentsingiselo endleleni.
- Hlela Kwaye Uhlaziye Nomntu Othetha Ulwimi Lwasekhaya: Emva kokugqiba translation yakho, qhagamshelana nomntu othetha isiGridi njengelwimi lakhe lokuqala ukuba ahlole ukuba ngaba umbhalo uqukuqela kakuhle na kwaye uvakala ngendlela eyindalo nechanekileyo.
Ukugqitywa Kwedijithali Nemithombo Yedatha
Kweli xesha lanamhlanje ledijithali, ukwanda kweenkqubo zokuguqulela zoomatshini (Machine Translation) okufana ne-Google Translate kunye ne-AI systems kunceda kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zihlala zihlupheka xa kufuneka ziguqulele phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini ezahluke kakhulu ezifana nesiXhosa nesiGridi ngenxa yokunqaba kwedatha ekwanti kwi-intanethi (low-resource language pair). Oku kwenza ukuba igalelo lomguquleli ongomntu libe yinto engenakubekwa xabiso.
Abaguquleli kufuneka baphuhlise izixhobo zabo ezifana neegloshari ezikhethekileyo (glossaries) kunye neengqokelela zeememori zokuguqulela (Translation Memories) ukuze baphucule umgangatho kunye nesantya somsebenzi wabo wexesha elizayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu baseMzantsi Afrika nabasemazweni aseMeditera luhambela phambili ngendlela efanelekileyo nengqalelo entle.