Ubuhinduzi buva mu rurimi rumwe bugana mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubwitonzi buhambaye, cyane cyane iyo ufashe indimi ebyiri zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose haba mu miterere y'ikibonezamvugo, mu mateka, ndetse no mu muco. Guhindura biva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rwa Bantu rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika yo Hagati n'Uburasirazuba, by'umwihariko mu Rwanda) bijya mu Giyapani (ururimi rwa Japonic rukoreshwa mu Buyapani) ni urugero rwiza rw'ubwo buhinduzi bugoye ariko bushoboka iyo hakoreshejwe amayeri y'umwihariko. Ikinyarwanda n'Igyapani bifite ibintu byinshi bitandukanye byaba mu buryo interuro zikwamo, uko inshinga zinyuranye zikoreshwa, ndetse n'uburyo umuco ugaragarira mu mvugo y'abaturage.
Kuri ubu, isano y'ubucuruzi, ubutwererane mu bya tekiniki, n'imyidagaduro hagati y'u Rwanda n'u Buyapani ikomeje kwiyongera. Ibi bituma ubumenyi bw'ubuhinduzi buturuka mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Giyapani buba ingenzi cyane. Muri iyi nyandiko, turasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse imbogamizi z'ingenzi abahinduzi bahura nazo, uburyo bwo kuzitsinda, ndetse n'inama z'inzobere zafasha mu gutanga umusaruro w'ubuhinduzi bufite ireme n'umwimerere.
Imiterere y'Interuro n'Isano y'Amagambo (Syntax and Word Order)
Imbogamizi ya mbere ikomeye umuhinduzi ahura nayo ni ukubaka interuro mu buryo bwumvikana kandi bukurikiza amategeko y'ururimi rw'intego (Target Language). Mu Kinyarwanda, imyubakire y'interuro ikurikiza gahunda ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object / Inyito-Inshinga-Urugero). Urugero rw'interuro yongereweho ibisobanuro: "Yohana yariye umutsima". Aha Yohana ni inyito, yariye ni inshinga, naho umutsima ni urugero rutaziguye rwakiriye igikorwa. Icyakora, Ikinyarwanda gishobora na none guhindura iyi gahunda bitewe n'ingero zishingiye ku ntera cyangwa imvugo ishimangira, ariko gahunda y'ibanze irazwi.
Ku rundi ruhande, Igyapani gikoresha gahunda ya SOV (Subject-Object-Verb / Inyito-Urugero-Inshinga). Mu Giyapani, inshinga ihora ku musozo w'interuro kandi ni yo yerekana isano yose y'amagambo ayibanziriza. Interuro yacu yo haruguru mu Giyapani yahinduka: "Yohana umutsima yariye" (Yohana wa pan o tabemashita). Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi ava mu Kinyarwanda agomba gusoma interuro yose y'umwimerere, akayisobanukirwa, hanyuma akayisenya akayisanisha n'imiterere y'Igyapani, aho inshinga ishyirwa ku musozo rwose w'interuro.
Gukora ubuhinduzi bw'ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) muri iyi ntera bitera urujijo rukomeye kandi bikazana interuro zidafite icyo bivuze mu Giyapani. Umuhinduzi agomba kubanza guhindura imitekerereze ye, agategereza kumva inshinga mbere yo kwandika, kuko ari yo ifunga interuro yose mu Giyapani kandi ikaba inafite uruhare mu kwerekana niba interuro ari ihakana cyangwa yemeza.
Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Udusanduku tw'Interuro (Noun Classes vs. Particles)
Ikinyarwanda nka kimwe mu ndimi z'Ababantu kirangwa n'imiterere yihariye aho amazina agabanywa mu nteko z'amazina (Noun Classes) zibarirwa mu nteko zirenga makumyabiri. Izi nteko zigenga uburyo ibinyazina, ibihereranye n'inshinga, ndetse n'ibinyamatsiko bihuzwa mu nteruro bikoresheje uturemajambo tw'imbere (prefixes). Iri huza rihambaye bituma Ikinyarwanda kigira ubwuzuzanye buhambaye n'isanisha ry'amagambo mu nteruro yose.
Mu Giyapani nta byiciro by'amazina nk'ibyo mu Kinyarwanda bihabamo, ndetse nta n'amategeko yo guhindura isano ry'amazina ashingiye ku nteko zayo. Aho kubigira, ururimi rw'Igyapani rukoresha uturemajambo twitwa "Particles" (助詞 - joshi) tugaragara inyuma y'amazina kugira ngo twerekane uruhare rw'iryo zina mu nteruro. Urugero, "wa" (は) cyangwa "ga" (が) byerekana inyito y'interuro, "o" (を) yerekana urugero rutaziguye, naho "ni" (に) ikerekana icyerekezo cyangwa igihe cy'igikorwa.
Ku muhinduzi, kumenya guhindura isano iri hagati y'inteko z'amazina mu Kinyarwanda akayishyira mu buryo bw'udusanduku tw'Igyapani ni ingenzi cyane. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa niba izina rikora nk'inyito, urugero, cyangwa icyerekezo kugira ngo uhitemo agasanduku k'Igyapani gahuye neza n'iryo zina mu nteruro nshya.
Imvugo z'Icyubahiro n'Ubushyamirane mu Mico (Honorifics and Keigo)
Umuco w'Abayapani wubakiye cyane ku bwubahane n'amateka akomeye y'inzego z'imibereho (social hierarchy). Ibi bigaragarira mu rurimi aho bafite uburyo buhambaye bw'imvugo z'icyubahiro zizwi nka "Keigo" (敬語). Keigo igabanukamo ibice bitatu by'ingenzi: Teineigo (imvugo isanzwe y'icyubahiro), Sonkeigo (imvugo yo kubaha uwo muvugana cyangwa uwo muvuga), na Kenjougo (imvugo yo kwiyoroshya imbere y'uwo muvugana). Hitamo imvugo ikwiye biterwa n'imyaka y'abo muvugana, inzego z'akazi, ndetse n'isano iri hagati yabo.
Ikinyarwanda na cyo kirimo imvugo z'icyubahiro zikoreshwa mu kubaha abantu bakuru cyangwa abayobozi (gukoresha "Mwebwe" aho gukoresha "Wowe", cyangwa inshinga zihariye nka "gutaha" cyangwa "gutanga" ku buryo bw'icyubahiro). Ariko rero, inzego z'icyubahiro mu Kinyarwanda ntiziteye nk'iz'Igyapani zifite amategeko menshi akomeye agenga inshinga n'amazina mu buryo buziguye kandi buhamye.
Iyo uhindura ibyanditswe mu Kinyarwanda bijya mu Giyapani, ugomba kumenya neza abo inyandiko igenewe (target audience) kugira ngo ukoreshe urwego rwa Keigo rukwiye. Icyemezo kibangamye gishobora gutuma inyandiko isobanurwa nka rwaserera cyangwa ukutubaha, bityo bikangiza isano y'ubucuruzi cyangwa ubutwererane byari byitezwe hagati y'ababikora.
Imigani n'Imvugo z'Imititonzi (Idiomatic Expressions and Culture)
Amagambo n'interuro z'ikigereranyo n'imigani bifite isano ya bugufi n'amateka, ibidukikije, n'imyizerere y'igihugu. Guhindura iyi migani mu buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) akenshi ntibitanga umusaruro ufatika kandi bishobora gutera urujijo rukomeye. Mu Kinyarwanda, hari imvugo nyinshi zishingiye ku nka, ubuhinzi, n'imibereho yo mu cyaro cy'u Rwanda (urugero: "akarimi kashyize inka mu rwuri", "kugira amata ku rurimi").
Muri icyo gihe, Abayapani bafite imvugo zabo z'ikigereranyo (Kotowaza) na Yojijukugo (imvugo z'inyuguti nne) zishingiye ku mateka y'ubuhinzi bw'umuceri, imiterere y'ibirwa, ndetse n'imyizerere ya Kijapani nka Shinto n'Ubudage. Umuhinduzi mwiza ntabwo ahindura interuro nk'uko yakabaye, ahubwo ashaka imvugo ihuye n'igitekerezo cy'ibanze mu Buyapani.
Urugero, aho guhindura "kurura amazi uyashyira mu murima wawe" mu buryo bw'ijambo ku rindi, hashobora gukoreshwa imvugo y'Igyapani "gaden-insui" (我田引水 - kurura amazi uyashyira mu murima w'umuceri wawe) ifite igisobanuro kimwe rwose cyo kwikunda. Ibi bisaba ubumenyi bwagutse bw'amateka n'imigenzo y'ibihugu byombi.
Inama z'Ingenzi z'Inzobere mu Buhinduzi
- Iga umuco w'intego (Target Culture): Menya neza amateka, imigenzo, n'uburyo Abayapani batekereza kandi babaho mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi kugira ngo wirinde amakosa y'umuco mu buhinduzi bwawe.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zikwiye: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nini cyane y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igyapani ihari, abahinduzi benshi bifashisha ururimi rwa gatatu (ruhuza indimi zombi, nka Cyongereza cyangwa Gifaransa). Aha rero hagomba kwitonda kugira ngo ibisobanuro bidasohoka mu buryo bw'amajwiri.
- Simbuza amagambo adafite ibisobanuro biziguye (Transcreation): Amagambo amwe n'amwe mu Kinyarwanda nka "Ubugabo", "Gukunda", cyangwa "Agaciro" asaba ibisobanuro byagutse mu Giyapani kugira ngo umusomyi w'Ubuyapani abyumve neza bidateye urujijo.
- Soma kandi ukosore kenshi: Iyo ubuhinduzi burangiye, gusoma inyandiko yawe ugenzura niba ikurikiza imiterere y'Igyapani idafite inenge, ni inzira ntashyikirwa yo kumenya niba inyandiko ifite umwimerere w'Abayapani.
Muri make, guhindura ibyanditswe mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Giyapani ni umushinga usaba gusesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzego z'indimi zombi, imiterere y'interuro zabo, n'isano y'umuco ibyihishe inyuma. Kubahiriza aya mategeko n'izozoba mu buryo bw'amategeko y'indimi bidufasha kubona ubuhinduzi bwiza, bufite ireme kandi bwubaha imico y'impande zombi.