Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa ibiganiro kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhambaye cyane. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kiratviya (Latvian), uyu mushinga uba ukomeye kurushaho kubera ko izi ndimi zombi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose, kandi zikagira imico n'amateka bitandukanye. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu) rukoreshwa cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'iyo hagati, mu gihe Ikiratviya ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abalitiki (Baltic) rukoreshwa mu gihugu cya Letoniya (Latvia) cyo mu Majyaruguru y'u Burayi. Umuhinduzi wese ushaka gukora uyu murimo aratabaza ubumenyi bwimbitse mu kibonezamvugo, mu muco, ndetse no mu buryo bwo guhuza amagambo kugira ngo ubutumwa butazazima.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiratviya
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi agere ku musaruro mwiza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo (grammar structures) y'izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'uburyo bwo gufatanya uturemajambo twinshi ku nshinga cyangwa ku zina (agglutinative grammar), aho ubona ijambo rimwe rifite imirimo myinshi. Gikoresha kandi ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes/inteko z'amazina) bigera kuri 20, ibi byiciro bikaba aribyo bigena isano n'izindi ngero z'amagambo mu nteruro.
Mu buryo bw'itandukaniro, Ikiratviya ni ururimi rushingiye ku buryo bwo guhindura ishusho y'amagambo (inflected language) kandi rurangwa n'ikoreshwa ry'inyunge z'amazina (declensions/cases) zigera kuri zirindwi zikurikira:
- Nominative (Nominatīvs): Yerekana insanganyamatsiko cyangwa ukora igikorwa mu nteruro.
- Genitive (Genitīvs): Yerekana uwenye cyangwa isano y'uburyo runaka.
- Dative (Datīvs): Yerekana uwo igikorwa gikorewe cyangwa kigenewe.
- Accusative (Akuzatīvs): Yerekana icyakoreweho igikorwa mu buryo butaziguye.
- Instrumental (Instrumentālis): Yerekana igikoresho cyangwa uburyo igikorwa cyakozwemo.
- Locative (Lokatīvs): Yerekana aho igikorwa kibera cyangwa aho ikintu giherereye.
- Vocative (Vokatīvs): Iradoreshwa mu guhamagara cyangwa kwerekana uwo ubwira.
Guhuza Ibihe n'Imyubakire y'Inshinga
Imyubakire y'inshinga nayo n'ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite uburyo buhambaye bwo kwerekana ibihe n'ibikorwa bitandukanye. Urugero, Ikinyarwanda gishobora gutandukanya igihe cyahise cya hafi (cyabaye uyu munsi) n'igihe cyahise cya kure (cyabaye kuva ejo gusubiza inyuma). Ikindi kandi, gifite uturemajambo tw'imbere n'tw'inyuma twerekana uburyo igikorwa gikorwa, nka "gushoboka", "gukorera", cyangwa "gukoresha".
Mu Kiratviya, imyubakire y'inshinga ishingiye ku bihe bitatu by'ibanze: icyahise, icyariho, n'ikizaza. Gusa, Ikiratviya gikoresha uturemajambo tw'imbere (prefixes) duhindura icyerekezo cyangwa ishusho y'inshinga (verbal aspect) kugira ngo berekane niba igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa niba kigikomeza. Ibi bituma umuhinduzi asabwa gusesengura cyane icyo inshinga yo mu Kinyarwanda ishatse kuvuga kugira ngo ahitemo akaremangingo k'imbere mu Kiratviya gahuye neza n'icyo gikorwa, cyangwa akaba yakoresha amagambo yunganira inshinga kugira ngo asobanure igihe cyahise cyangwa kizaza mu buryo bw'ukuri.
Ingorane z'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo
Guhindura inyandiko ntibiba ku magambo gusa, ahubwo biba no ku muco. Umuryango w'Abanyarwanda n'umuryango w'Abalatviya bafite imico itandukanye cyane bushingiye ku mateka, imibereho, n'ikirere. U Rwanda ni igihugu cy'imisozi igihumbi, gikungahaye ku muco w'ubworozi n'ubuhinzi ndetse n'imigani myinshi cyane. Amagambo nk'aberekeye "inka" (nk'inyambo, inshashi, inyana) afite agaciro k'umuco kataboneka mu rurimi rw'Ikiratviya.
Iyo umuhinduzi ahuye n'amagambo nk'aya, gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura ijambo ku rindi bishobora gutuma inyandiko itumvikana cyangwa ikagira ibisobanuro bitari byo. Ni ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bukurikira:
- Gusobanura amagambo (Paraphrasing): Aho guhindura ijambo "inyambo" nk'inka isanzwe, umuhinduzi arashobora kwandika mu Kiratviya ati "inka z'umuco w'u Rwanda zifite amahembe maremare cyane".
- Guhuza Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo (Idiomatic Adaptation): Imigani n'imivugo by'Ikinyarwanda bigomba guhindurwa hakoreshejwe imigani ifite igisobanuro kimwe mu Kiratviya, aho guhindura amagambo uko yakabaye.
- Gukoresha Ibisobanuro by'Inyandiko (Footnotes): Mu nyandiko z'ubuvanganzo cyangwa z'amateka, umuhinduzi arashobora gusiga ijambo ry'umwimerere w'Ikinyarwanda hanyuma agashyiraho ibisobanuro mu nsi y'urupapuro kugira ngo umusomyi w'Umuratviya asobanukirwe neza umwimerere w'uwo muco.
Inama z'Inzobere zo Guhindura Neza no Kwemeza Ubuziranenge
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduye kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kiratviya igire ireme kandi yubahirize amategeko y'ubwanditsi bwa nyabwo, dore inama z'ingenzi zikurikizwa n'inzobere mu buhinduzi:
- Gukoresha ururimi rw'icyongereza nk'ikiraro cy'ubwenge: Kubera ku nta nkoranyamagambo zikomeye zihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Ikiratviya mu buryo butaziguye, abahinduzi bakunze gukoresha Icyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa nka "bridge language". Muri izi nzira zose, umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso kugira ngo ubutumwa butayoba mu nzira bukanyurwamo kabiri.
- Kwibanda ku Musomyi wa Nyuma: Menya neza uwo wandikira. Inyandiko y'amategeko isaba amagambo atandukanye cyane n'inyandiko y'ubucuruzi cyangwa y'amakuru. Uburyo Ikiratviya cyandikwamo bugomba guhuzwa n'icyo abo bantu bategereje gusoma.
- Kugenzura no Gusuzuma (Proofreading and Editing): Nyuma yo kurangiza guhindura, inyandiko igomba gusuzumwa n'undimuntu uzi neza Ikiratviya nk'ururimi rwe rwa mbere (native speaker). Ibi bifasha kuvumbura amakosa y'ikibonezamvugo ndetse n'imvugo zitatekerezanyweho neza zishobora kubangamira isomwa ry'inyandiko.
Mu gusoza iyi ngingo, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Kiratviya ni umwuga usaba kwihangana, kwiga bihoraho, ndetse n'urukundo rw'indimi n'imico yazo. Umuhinduzi ugenda neza muri izi nzira zose abasha guhuza isi y'Abanyarwanda n'isi y'Abalatviya mu buryo bworoshye, bwubahana kandi butanga umusaruro ukomeye mu bumenyi n'itumanaho rirambye.