Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu rurimi rw'Igithayi (Thai) ni umushinga usaba ubuhanga buhanitse ndetse n'ubumenyi bw'imbonezamuryango n'umuco w'ibihugu byombi. Ikinyarwanda n'Igithayi ni indimi zitandukanye cyane mu muryango w'indimi, mu mateka, no mu miterere y'ijambo n'interuro. Mu gihe Ikinyarwanda ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) rufite imiterere ishingiye ku byiciro by'amazina n'uturemajambo twomekwa (agglutinative), Igithayi cyo ni ururimi rwo mu muryango wa Kra-Dai, rukaba rurangwa no kuba ari ururimi rusesengura (isolating/analytic) ndetse n'ururimi rukoresha amajwi y'injyana (tonal language). Iyi nyandiko irasobanura mu buryo bwuzuye inzira, ibyiciro, n'inama zikwiye gufatwa kugira ngo ubusemuzi bukorwe neza kandi bwubahirize amategeko y'indimi zombi.
Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi: Ikinyuranyo mu Miterere y'Interuro n'Amagambo
Kugira ngo umusemuzi abashe guhindura neza ibyanditse mu Kinyarwanda abishyira mu Githayi, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zombi zihurira n'aho zitandukanira mu miterere yazo ya mbonezamikoreshereze y'indimi (grammar):
- Imiterere y'Inshinga n'Ibihe: Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga zihindurwa mu bihe bitandukanye (ahashize, ahazaza, ubu) hakoreshejwe inyizamagambo, uturemajambo tw'igihe, ndetse n'inyongerabyiciro. Mu Githayi, inshinga ntizigera zihindura isura (conjugation). Igihe kigaragazwa n'amagambo yunganira inshinga cyangwa bikumvikanira mu ntekerezo y'interuro n'igihe ibikorwa byabereye.
- Ibyiciro by'Amazina n'Utujambo Ngereranyo: Ikinyarwanda gikoresha ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes) bishobora kugena imiterere y'inshinga n'ibinyazina biyishamikiyeho. Mu Githayi, amazina ntarangwa n'ibyiciro nk'ibyo, ahubwo bakoresha utujambo twihariye twitwa "classifiers" (laksananam) iyo babara ibintu cyangwa berekana ingano yabyo bitewe n'icyiciro cy'igikorwa cyangwa ikintu kivugwa.
- Amajwi y'Injyana (Tones): Igithayi ni ururimi rushingiye ku majwi atanu atandukanye (low, mid, high, falling, rising). Ijambo rimwe rishobora kugira ibisobanuro bitanu bitandukanye bitewe n'ijwi riranguruye risomeweho. Ikinyarwanda na cyo kirangwamo amajwi ahanitse n'ahasi (tone), ariko mu buryo butandukanye cyane n'ubw'Igithayi bushobora guhindura rwose inyito y'ijambo ryanditse mu buryo bumwe.
Imbogamizi Zikomeye mu Guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Githayi
Mu gihe cy'ubusemuzi, hari ibibazo byihariye abasemuzi bahura na byo biterwa n'amateka n'umuco by'indimi zombi:
1. Kubura kw'Amagambo Ahuye (Lexical Gaps)
Kuba u Rwanda na Tayilande bifite amateka, imyizerere, ibiribwa, n'ibihe bitandukanye cyane bituma habaho amagambo amwe n'amwe mu Kinyarwanda adafite amagambo ahwanye na yo neza mu Githayi. Urugero, amagambo ajyanye n'umuco nyarwanda nka "guca amashyi", "gukaba", cyangwa ibiribwa nk' "isombe" n' "ibitoki" ntabwo bifite amagambo ahuye neza mu rurimi rw'Igithayi. Umusemuzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gusobanura (paraphrasing) cyangwa gutira ijambo rya mbere yarangiza akarihagarika mu buryo bw'ibisobanuro by'inyongera kugira ngo umusomyi w'Umuthayi asobanukirwe neza.
2. Inzego z'Icyubahiro n'Imibanire y'Abantu (Social Deixis and Honorifics)
Mu Githayi, uburyo bwo kwitaba no gukoresha ibinyazina ngenga biterwa cyane n'imyaka, igitsina, inzego z'ubutegetsi, n'imibanire y'abavugana. Ururimi rw'Igithayi rufite amagambo arenga icumi ahwanye n'ijambo "Njyewe" (I/me) n'andi menshi ahwanye na "Wowe" (You), bitewe n'icyubahiro uhaye uwo muvugana n'inzego muteraniyemo. Mu Kinyarwanda, icyubahiro kigaragazwa ahanini no gukoresha umubare w'ubwinshi (mwe/namwe) cyangwa amagambo nk' "Nyakubahwa". Guhindura iyi miterere bisaba ko umusemuzi amenya neza inyandiko y'inkomoko yerekeza ku bahe bantu n'ikigero cy'imibanire yabo kugira ngo adakoresha amagambo asuzugura cyangwa akabya icyubahiro.
3. Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo n'Imigani
Imigani n'imivugo by'Ikinyarwanda bikoresha cyane amashusho y'inyamaswa (nk'intare, isatura, uruvu) cyangwa ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi. Iyo uhindura ibi mu Githayi, kubihindura ijambo ku rindi bishobora gutuma inyandiko idasomeka neza cyangwa ikumvikana nabi. Ni ngombwa gushaka imigani cyangwa imvugo z'Igithayi zifite ubutumwa bumwe nubwo amagambo n'amashusho bikoreshejwe byaba bitandukanye mu muco w'Abathayi.
Inama z'Inzobere zo Kunonosora Ubusemuzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igithayi
Kugira ngo umusemuzi agere ku rwego rwo hejuru mu guhindura inyandiko hagati y'izi ndimi, akwiye gukurikiza izi nama zikurikira:
- Soma ubutumwa bwose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugahindure ijambo ku rindi cyangwa interuro ku yindi utarabanza gusoma inyandiko yose ngo usobanukirwe ubutumwa rusange n'injyana yayo (tone) n'intego y'umwanditsi w'ibanze.
- Menya uwo inyandiko igenewe (Target Audience): Igithayi gikoreshwa mu nyandiko z'ubuyobozi bw'ibwami (Ratchasap) gitandukanye cyane n'igikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi cyangwa mu bucuruzi. Ni ngombwa kumenya niba inyandiko yawe igenewe abaturage basanzwe, abanyeshuri, cyangwa abayobozi bakuru ba Leta.
- Koresha uburyo bwa Transcreation (Guhanga Ubutumwa Bushya): Mu gihe uhuye n'amagambo ajyanye n'umuco, ntutinye guhindura imiterere y'interuro ngo uhitemo amagambo yumvikana neza mu muco w'Abathayi, mu gihe cyose ubutumwa bw'ibanze butagoretwe cyangwa ngo buhinduke ubundi.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe n'abantu b'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nini cyane zihari zihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igithayi mu buryo butaziguye (direct), abasemuzi benshi bakoresha ururimi rw'Icyongereza nk'ikiraro (bridge language). Ibi bisaba kwitonda cyane no kugenzura inyito kabiri kugira ngo ibisobanuro bitazakendera mu nzira.
Umwanzuro n'Icyerekezo cy'Ejo Hazaza
Guhindura Ikinyarwanda mu Githayi ni umwuga urimo gukura cyane bitewe n'ubwiyongeye bw'umubano mu by'ubucuruzi, ubukerarugendo, n'uburezi hagati y'u Rwanda na Tayilande. Nubwo imbogamizi z'ururimi n'umuco ari nyinshi, gusobanukirwa n'imiterere ishingiye ku mategeko y'indimi zombi ndetse no kubaha imico y'ibihugu byombi niyo nkingi ikomeye yo kugera ku busemuzi bunoze, bufite ireme, kandi bwumvikana neza mu buryo bworoshye.