Kumasulira zolemba pakati pa zilankhulo za mu Africa ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano wamalonda, maphunziro, ndi chikhalidwe. Chichewa, chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri m'maiko monga Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, komanso Chimalagasi (Malagasy), chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha ku dziko la Madagascar, ndizo zilankhulo ziwiri zomwe zili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti maiko a Madagascar ndi Malawi ali pafupi m'chigawo cha kumwera kwa Africa, zilankhulo zawo zimachokera m'mabanja osiyanasiyana a zilankhulo. Chichewa chimachokera m'banja la zilankhulo za Bantu (Niger-Congo), pamene Chimalagasi chimachokera m'banja la zilankhulo za Austronesian. Kusiyana kumeneku kumabweretsa zovuta zambiri komanso njira zapadera zomwe omasulira ayenera kuzidziwa bwino kuti athe kupereka uthenga wolondola komanso womveka bwino.
Dongosolo la Mawu: Kusiyana kwa SVO ndi VOS
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pomasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chimalagasi ndi dongosolo la kapangidwe ka ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), kutanthauza kuti chiganizo chimayamba ndi amene akuchita chinthucho (Subject), kutsatiridwa ndi chimene akuchita (Verb), ndipo pomaliza chimene chikuchitidwacho (Object). Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo chakuti "Mphunzitsi akuwerenga buku" chikusonyeza dongosolo limeneli momveka bwino.
Koma mu Chimalagasi, dongosolo la ziganizo limatsatira njira ya Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). Izi zikutanthauza kuti verebu limayamba, kutsatiridwa ndi chinthu chomwe chikuchitidwacho, ndipo amene akuchita chinthucho amabwera kumapeto kwa chiganizo. Chiganizo chomwechi cha Chichewa chikasinthidwa kupita mu Chimalagasi chidzaoneka ngati "Akuwerenga buku mphunzitsi" (Mamaky boky ny mpampianatra). Womasulira ayenera kukhala maso kwambiri kuti asamasulire mawu ndi mawu (word-for-word translation), chifukwa kuchita izi kumabweretsa ziganizo zosamveka komanso zosagwirizana ndi galamala ya Chimalagasi. Kusintha dongosolo la mawu mu ubongo ndikulemba chiganizo chatsopano chomwe chili ndi dongosolo la VOS ndiyo njira yoyenera.
Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) ndi Zizindikiro za Maina
Chilankhulo cha Chichewa chimadziwika bwino ndi dongosolo lake lamphamvu la magulu a maina (noun classes). Gulu lililonse lili ndi zizindikiro zake zomwe zimagwirizanitsa maina, maverebu, ndi zizindikiro amene ali mu chiganizo (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, pamanenedwe oti "galu wanga wamkulu wathawa," mawu onse amatsatira gulu la maina la "galu". Koma mu Chimalagasi, mulibe magulu a maina oterewa. Chimalagasi chili ndi galamala yosavuta kwambiri pa nkhani ya mgwirizano wa maina, koma chimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zodziwika (definite articles) monga "ny" (chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati "the" mu Chingerezi) pofuna kusonyeza chinthu chodziwika kapena chilankhulo cha umodzi ndi unyinji.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira akuchotsa dongosolo lovuta la mgwirizano wa magulu a maina mu Chichewa ndipo akuyenera kupeza njira yoyenera yosonyezera tanthauzo limeneli mu Chimalagasi pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro monga "ny" kapena kusonyeza unyinji pogwiritsa ntchito mawu owonjezera monga "ireo" (awa/iwo) kapena "maro" (ambiri). Womasulira ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti kusowa kwa magulu a maina mu Chimalagasi sikutanthauza kuti chilankhulucho ndi chosowa mphamvu, koma chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zosonyezera ubale pakati pa mawu mu chiganizo.
Maverebu ndi Matchulidwe a Nthawi (Tense ndi Aspect)
Maverebu a Chichewa amamangidwa ndi maambirira (prefixes) ndi maulusi (infixes) omwe amasonyeza nthawi (past, present, future), amene akuchita, ndi amene akuchitiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu verebu lakuti "ndidzakupatsani," timapeza "ndi-" (ine), "-dza-" (nthawi ya m'tsogolo), "-ku-" (inu), ndi "-patsa" (verebu lenileni). Mu Chimalagasi, dongosololi ndilosiyana kwambiri. Chimalagasi chimagwiritsa ntchito maambirira ochepa kwambiri pofuna kusonyeza nthawi ya chinthu, monga "m-" kusonyeza nthawi ya pano, "n-" kusonyeza nthawi yapita, ndi "h-" kusonyeza nthawi ya m'tsogolo.
Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kuli pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka maverebu a passive (ochitiridwa) ndi circumstantial voice. Chimalagasi chili ndi njira zovuta kwambiri zosinthira verebu kuti liwonetse ngati chiganizo chikugogomezera amene akuchita, chinthu chomwe chikuchitidwa, kapena malo/chida chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito maulusi monga "-w-" (monga "olededwa") kapena mawu owonjezera. Pomasulira, ndikofunika kusankha mawonekedwe a verebu mu Chimalagasi omwe akugwirizana ndendende ndi tanthauzo lomwe lili mu Chichewa, osati kungotengera nthawi yokha komanso cholinga cha chiganizochi.
Kumasulira Mwatsatanetsatane kwa Chikhalidwe: Miyambi ndi Zikhulupiriro
Kumasulira koyenera sikungosintha mawu kuchokera ku chilankhulo china kupita ku china, komanso ndikusamutsa chikhalidwe. Anthu olankhula Chichewa ndi anthu a ku Madagascar ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza zilankhulo zawo. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa kumtunda, ulimi, ndi nyama zakuthengo (monga "Mbalame yoyambirira imagwira nyongolotsi" kapena zokhudza mikango ndi afisi). Kumbali ina, Chimalagasi chili ndi miyambi (ohatra) yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa pachilumba, kulemekeza makolo (razana), ulimi wa mpunga, ndi mgwirizano wa anthu wotchedwa "Fihavanana".
Fihavanana ndilo lingaliro lamphamvu la chiyanjano, umodzi, ndi kulemekezana mu chikhalidwe cha ku Madagascar. Ngati chikalata cha Chichewa chikukhudza maubale a anthu kapena mgwirizano wa m'mudzi (monga "Umodzi ndi mphamvu"), womasulira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za "Fihavanana" mu Chimalagasi kuti uthengawo umveke bwino m'mitima ya owerenga ku Madagascar. Miyambi ya Chichewa isamasulidwe mawu ndi mawu; m'malo mwake, womasulira apeze mwambi wofanana nawo mu Chimalagasi womwe uli ndi tanthauzo loyenera.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maulemu ndi Kulemekezana
Zilankhulo zonsezi zili ndi njira zawo zosonyezera ulemu kwa akulu kapena anthu olemekezeka. Mu Chichewa, timagwiritsa ntchito unyinji monga "chizindikiro cha ulemu" (pronouns of respect) monga "ndikukupatsani" m'malo mwa "ndikukupatsa" polankhula ndi munthu wamkulu. Mu Chimalagasi, ulemu umasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu enieni omaliza chiganizo kapena posinthiratu mawu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito (monga "tompoko" pofuna kusonyeza ulemu pamaso pa munthu). Womasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri posankha masitaelo a zilankhulozi kuti asakhumudwitse owerenga chifukwa cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu osayenera kapena osalemekeza.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chimalagasi
Kuti mumasulire bwino ndi kupereka ntchito yapamwamba, tsatirani njira izi:
- Mvetsetsani dongosolo la VOS: Nthawi zonse mukamawerenga chiganizo cha Chichewa, zindikirani verebu, chinthu, ndi ochita, kenako n'kuzikonza mu dongosolo la VOS mu Chimalagasi.
- Pezani zofanana za chikhalidwe: Pewani kumasulira miyambi ndi mafotokozedwe achikhalidwe mawu ndi mawu. Pezani zinthu zomwe anthu a ku Madagascar amazitsatira m'malo mwa zomwe zili ku Malawi kapena maiko ena a Chichewa.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zizindikiro zodziwika bwino (ny) moyenera: Samalani momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro za maina mu Chimalagasi kuti ziganizo zanu zikhale zachilengedwe komanso zomveka bwino kwa eni chilankhulo.
- Unikani mawu azachilengedwe ndi ulimi: Popeza madera a zilankhulozi ali ndi chilengedwe chosiyana (ulimi wa m'malire mwa nyanja ndi madambo mu Malawi vs. ulimi wa mpunga m'madambo otsetsereka a ku Madagascar), sankhani mawu azachilengedwe moyenerera popanda kusokoneza owerenga.
- Werenganinso ntchito yanu ndi eni chilankhulo: Nthawi zonse owerenga ena a Chimalagasi ayesere kuwerenga zomwe mwamasulira kuti zitsimikizike kuti zikumveka ngati zolembedwa ndi m'badwo weniweni wam'dzikolo.