Ubuhinduzi buva mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Gibuligariya buhagarariye urugendo rushingiye ku buhanga bw'indimi n'umuco ugamije guhuza imiryango ibiri itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda nka kimwe mu ndimi z'Abantu zivugwa muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, gifite imiterere n'imyandikire yihariye igitandukanya n'Igibuligariya, ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abasilave zikoreshwa mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba. Kuri buri muhinduzi w'umwuga, gukora ubu buhinduzi bisaba kurenga ubusobanuro bw'amagambo agahindura ibitekerezo, imico, n'amateka bifitanye isano n'izo ndimi zombi. Iyi nyandiko ikubiyemo amabwiriza yimbitse ku biranga ubu buhinduzi, imbogamizi zikunze kugaragara, ndetse n'inama zifatika zakufasha gutanga inyandiko zumvikana neza kandi zanditse ku rwego rwo hejuru.
Itandukaniro mu Miterere y'Amazina n'Inteko
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igibuligariya ishingiye ku buryo amazina yubatse muri izi ndimi zombi. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha gahunda y'inteko z'amazina (noun classes), aho amazina yose agabanijwe mu nteko zirenga cumi na zirindwi (17) hashingiwe ku cyo izina risobanura (abantu, ibintu, ibiti, ibikoresho, nibindi). Ubu buryo bugenga imyandikire y'uturemajambo tw'imbere mu nshinga n'ibiranga izina (concord).
Mu Gibuligariya, iyi gahunda ntibaho. Aho koresha inteko z'amazina, gikoresha sisitemu y'igitsina cy'izina (grammatical gender) kigabanijemo ibice bitatu: igitsina-gabo (masculine), igitsina-gore (feminine), n'igitsina-ngenera (neuter). Ibi bisobanuye ko:
- Guhuza inyito y'izina: Iyo uhindura izina ry'Ikinyarwanda riri mu nteko y'ibintu (nk'inteko ya 7: ikitabo), ugomba kumenya igitsina cyaryo mu Gibuligariya. Mu Gibuligariya, "ikitabo" cyitwa "книга" (kniga) kikaba izina ryo mu gitsina-gore. Ibi bisaba ko ibihembo n'ibiranga iryo zina bihinduka bikajyana n'igitsina-gore cy'urwo rurimi.
- Guhindura ibihembo n'utugambo twerekana: Ibinyazina ngenera n'ibihembo bigomba guhuzwa neza hashingiwe ku gitsina cy'izina mu Gibuligariya, mu gihe mu Kinyarwanda biterwa n'inteko y'izina gusa.
Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Inyito z'Igikorwa
Ikinyarwanda gifite uburyo bukomeye bwo kwerekana ibihe, harimo ibihe bya kure cyane, ibihe bya hafi, ndetse n'ibihe bikomeza (continuous aspects). Icyakora, Igibuligariya cyo gifite imiterere y'inshinga igoye cyane kuruta izindi ndimi z'Abasilave kubera ko cyatakaje uturemajambo twerekana amategeko y'amazina (cases) ariko kikagumana ibihe by'inshinga n'uburyo bwo kwerekana niba igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa kigikomeza (verb aspects: perfective and imperfective).
Mu buhinduzi buva mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Gibuligariya, umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura inshinga y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo amenye niba igikorwa kigaragaza ikintu cyarangiye burundu (perfective aspect mu Gibuligariya) cyangwa se niba kigaragaza igikorwa gikomeza cyangwa kiba kenshi (imperfective aspect). Urugero, inshinga "yaracyandika" yerekana ko igikorwa kigikomeza, bityo mu Gibuligariya hagomba gukoreshwa inshinga mu buryo bw'imperfective (nk'inshinga "пишеше"). Gukoresha inshinga itari yo bishobora guhindura ubusobanuro bw'inyandiko yose.
Imiterere y'Interuro n'Ihuzamagambo (Syntax)
Mu Kinyarwanda, imiterere y'interuro isanzwe ikurikiza gahunda ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object - Ubabwirwa, Inshinga, n'Ikibwirwa). Mu Gibuligariya na ko gahunda ya SVO ni yo ikoreshwa cyane, ariko uru rurimi rufite ubwisanzure bwinshi mu guhindura imyanya y'amagambo mu nteruro bitewe n'igice gishakwa gushimangirwa (free word order). Ibi birashoboka kubera ko inshinga n'amazina biba bifite uturemajambo twerekana isano bifitanye mu nteruro.
Umuhinduzi akwiriye kwitwararika kuri ibi bikurikira:
- Gusoma no Kumva Imyandikire y'Ikiriliki: Ururimi rw'Igibuligariya rwandikwa mu nyuguti z'Ikiriliki (Cyrillic alphabet). Amazina y'abantu, imijyi, n'ibihugu by'u Rwanda n'Ikinyarwanda agomba guhindurwa mu nyuguti z'Ikiriliki hashingiwe ku kureba uko avugwa (transliteration). Urugero, "Kigali" yandikwa nka "Кигали", naho "Gisenyi" ikandikwa nka "Гисени".
- Inyongerazina n'Ingereka z'Inshinga: Ikinyarwanda gikoresha uturemajambo twongerwa ku nshinga kugira ngo twerekane igikoresho, aho igikorwa cyabereye, cyangwa impamvu yacyo (inkoresho, intego, nibindi). Mu Gibuligariya, utu turemajambo ntitubaho nk'ingereka z'inshinga; bityo umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha utugambo tw'inyongera (prepositions) nka "с" (na/hamwe na), "в" (muri), cyangwa "за" (ku bw'izina).
Umuco, Imigani n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo
Ubuhinduzi bw'indimi butandukanye n'ubuhinduzi bw'imashini kubera ko umuntu afite ubushobozi bwo kumva umuco. Ikinyarwanda cyuzuyemo imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku muco w'inka, ubworozi, n'amateka y'u Rwanda. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Igibuligariya na cyo gikoresha imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku muco w'Abasilave, amateka y'imisozi ya Balkan, n'amateka ya kera y'ubuhinzi.
Iyo uhuye n'imvugo nka "guca amazi", "kugira amata ku rurimi", cyangwa "gukama ishavu", ntushobora kuzihindura ijambo ku rindi mu Gibuligariya kuko nta musomyi waho wabyumva. Igisubizo kirambye ni ugukoresha uburyo bwa "Transcreation" (guhindura umuco n'ubutumwa). Umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihuye n'iyo mu Gibuligariya ifite ubusobanuro bumwe, cyangwa se agasobanura iyo mvugo mu buryo busanzwe kugira ngo ubutumwa bugere ku musomyi neza kandi butabangamiye ireme ry'inyandiko.
Inama Zifatika ku Bahinduzi b'Inzobere
Niba wifuza kuba umuhinduzi mwiza w'Ikinyarwanda n'Igibuligariya, dore inama z'ingenzi zagufasha mu kazi kawe ka buri gihe:
- Koresha Indimi z'Ikigereranyo ku Buryo bw'Inyabutatu: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igibuligariya iziguye ihari, koresha Icyongereza cyangwa Igifaranza nk'ururimi rwo hagati (pivot language). Ariko rero, ugomba kwitonda kugira ngo ubusobanuro bw'umwimerere butagenda buhinduka uko ugenda uhindura hagati y'izo ndimi.
- Soma Inyandiko z'Igibuligariya: Kwiga amagambo mashya n'uburyo yandikwa mu nteruro bisaba gusoma cyane inyandiko zitandukanye z'Igibuligariya, nk'amakuru, ibitabo by'amateka, n'inyandiko z'ubuvanganzo. Ibi bigufasha guhitamo amagambo akwiriye hashingiwe ku ntekerezo z'inyandiko urimo gukoraho.
- Isuzume ry'Ibyanditswe n'Abavuga Ururimi (Linguistic Validation): Nyuma yo guhindura inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda ukayishyira mu Gibuligariya, ni ngombwa ko isuzumwa n'umuntu uvuga Igibuligariya nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo yemeze niba imyandikire n'imvugo bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'umwimerere kandi butaryamye.
- Koresha Ikoranabuhanga ry'Ubuhinduzi (CAT Tools): Koresha porogaramu zifasha abahinduzi nka SDL Trados cyangwa MemoQ kugira ngo uzigame amagambo wamaze guhindura. Ibi bituma ubutumwa bwawe bukomeza kugira imyandikire imwe muri gahunda ndende z'ubuhinduzi.
Guhindura ibyanditswe hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igibuligariya biracyari umwuga ufite abahanga bake ariko ufite amahirwe menshi mu iterambere ry'ububanyi n'amahanga, ubucuruzi, n'umuco. Mu kumenya no kubahiriza izi ngingo z'ikibonezamvugo, umuco, n'imyandikire y'indimi zombi, abahinduzi bashobora kubaka ibiraro bifasha abasomyi b'indimi zombi kumvikana neza nta nkomyi.