Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi n'Isano ya Gihanga iri Kati Yabyo
Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda kujya mu Gicebuwano (Cebuano) ni umushinga w'ubuhinduzi usaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'imiterere y'indimi zombi, kuko zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose kandi ifite amategeko y'imyandikire n'imivugire atandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) rukoreshwa cyane mu burasirazuba n'amajyepfo ya Afurika, by'umwihariko mu Rwanda. Igicebuwano cyo ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Ositironesiya (Austronesian languages) rukoreshwa n'abantu barenga miliyoni makumyabiri mu birwa bya Filipine, cyane cyane mu gice cya Visayas n'Amajyepfo ya Mindanao. Iri tandukaniro ry'inkomoko rituma guhindura ururimi biba inzira yo kubaka ibiraro by'umuco n'amategeko y'imyandikire y'indimi zombi.
Imyubakire y'interuro mu Kinyarwanda n'Igicebuwano iratandukanye mu buryo bukomeye. Mu Kinyarwanda, gahunda y'interuro isanzwe ikurikiza uburyo bw'Inyito-Nshinga-Nshingirwaho (Subject-Verb-Object cyangwa SVO). Urugero, mu nteruro nka "Umwana ariye umugati", inyito ni "Umwana", inshinga ni "ariye", naho icyuzuzo cyangwa nshingirwaho ni "umugati". Ku rundi ruhande, Igicebuwano gikurikiza cyane Gahunda y'Inshinga-Inyito-Nshingirwaho (Verb-Subject-Object cyangwa VSO) cyangwa rimwe na rimwe Inshinga-Nshingirwaho-Inyito (VOS). Ibi bivuze ko inshinga iza mbere mu nteruro mbere y'uko inyito cyangwa icyuzuzo bijya mu myanya yabyo. Iri hinduka risaba umuhinduzi gusesengura neza isano y'amagambo kugira ngo inyandiko nshya y'Igicebuwano yumvikane nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'amavuko.
Uturemajambo, Inteko z'Amazina, n'Ibiranga-Ntego mu Buhinduzi
Ikinyarwanda kirangwa n'inteko z'amazina zirenga cumi na zirindwi zikora nka sisitemu y'ibitsina by'amazina, aho buri zina rishyirwa mu nteko yaryo bitewe n'icyo risobanura ndetse n'ingera-nteko (prefix) ryitwaje. Izi nteko z'amazina zigena uburyo inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibinyajambo biranga izina bihuza naryo mu nteruro. Urugero, "Umugabo muremure aragenda" ariko "Ikibazo gikomeye kirakemuka". Iri huzamasano rikomeye (concordial agreement) ni inkingi ikomeye y'imyandikire y'Ikinyarwanda.
Mu Gicebuwano, nta nteko z'amazina nk'izi zibaho. Aho gukoresha inteko z'amazina, uru rurimi rukoresha uturemajambo twerekana intego y'interuro (focus markers cyangwa case markers) dufatanya n'amazina nka "ang", "sa", n' "ug". Akajambo "ang" kerekanisha ko izina rikurikiraho ari ryo ryibanzweho mu nteruro (topic/subject), mu gihe "sa" n' "ug" byerekana isano y'ibintu n'ibindi cyangwa icyuzuzo kitaziguye kandi kigenga aho igikorwa cyabereye. Guhindura rero bisaba gusesengura inteko y'izina ry'Ikinyarwanda hanyuma ukayishyira mu ruhare rwaryo rw'ukuri ukoresheje ibiranga-ntego by'Igicebuwano bitabaye ibyo interuro yahinduka icyivugo kitagira umutwe n'ikibuno.
Uburyo bw'Inshinga n'Ibyerekezo (Focus System) mu Gicebuwano
Ikintu gikomeye kandi kigoye cyane mu ndimi za Ositironesiya nka Cebuano ni uburyo bw'ibyerekezo by'inshinga (Verb Focus System). Bitandukanye n'indimi z'Abantu zishingiye ku bihe (tenses) n'inteko, inshinga mu Gicebuwano zihindura isura bitewe n'icyo interuro ishaka kwibandaho cyane. Ibyerekezo by'inshinga bishobora kuba icyerekezo cy'umukinyi (Actor Focus), icyerekezo cy'icyuzuzo (Object Focus), icyerekezo cy'aho ikintu giherereye (Locative Focus), cyangwa icyerekezo cy'igikoresho (Instrumental Focus).
Nk'urugero, iyo inyito y'interuro (umukinnyi w'igikorwa) ari yo yibanzweho, inshinga ikoresha uturemajambo tw'imbere nka "mo-" cyangwa "mag-". Iyo icyuzuzo (igikorerwaho) ari cyo cyibanzweho, inshinga ikoresha umugereka w'inyuma nka "-on" cyangwa "-an". Umuhinduzi uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda agomba kumva neza imiterere y'interuro y'umwimerere: ese yibanda ku gikorwa, ku gikorwa cyakozwe n'umuntu, cyangwa ku kintu igikorwa cyakoreweho? Gusesengura ibi bituma umuhinduzi ahitamo umugereka w'inshinga ukwiriye mu Gicebuwano, kuko guhitamo nabi bishobora guhindura rwose icyerekezo cy'ibiganiro kandi bigatera urujijo rukomeye mu gusoma.
Ubwubahane, Imico, n'Amagambo Aturuka mu Zindi Ndimi
Ubwubahane n'ikinyabupfura ni inkingi ikomeye mu Kinyarwanda no mu muco w'Abanyarwanda. Mu Kinyarwanda, ubwubahane bugaragarira mu gukoresha inshinga z'icyubahiro (nk'inshinga zikoreshwa ku bami cyangwa abayobozi) ndetse n'ikoreshwa ry'ikinyazina "mwebwe" mu mwanya wa "wowe" igihe uvugisha umuntu ukuruta cyangwa uwo utazi neza. Mu muco w'Abacebuwano na bo, ikinyabupfura gifite uruhare runini ariko kigaragarira mu bundi buryo.
Mu Gicebuwano, bakoresha amagambo nka "kamu" cyangwa "inyo" (binyuranye n'Ikinyatagalog gikoresha "po" na "opo") kandi bagakoresha amagambo y'ubwubahane yerekana isano y'imiryango nka "Nong" (isano n'umugabo ukuze) cyangwa "Nang" (isano n'umugore ukuze), ndetse na "Sir" cyangwa "Ma'am" bituruka mu Cyongereza. Umuhinduzi agomba kubona iri tandukaniro ry'umuco kandi akamenya uko yagabanya cyangwa akazamura urwego rw'ikinyabupfura hashingiwe ku cyo inyandiko y'umwimerere yashakaga kuvuga.
Byongeye kandi, Igicebuwano gifite amagambo menshi yakomotse mu Gihispania (Spanish loanwords) ndetse n'Icyongereza (English loanwords) bitewe n'amateka y'ubukoloni bw'ibyo bihugu muri Filipine. Amagambo menshi y'amategeko, ikoranabuhanga, ubumenyi, n'ubucuruzi mu Gicebuwano akoresha amagambo y'amakoloni ahinduye mu buryo bw'imyandikire yabo (urugero, "edukasyon" rikomoka ku Gihispania "educación"). Mu guhindura inyandiko z'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa amategeko kuva mu Kinyarwanda, umuhinduzi agomba kumenya aya magambo y'amateka yashinze imizi mu Gicebuwano aho kugerageza guhimba amagambo mashya atumvikana.
Inama Z'ingirakamaro n'Amayeri yo Guhindura Neza
Kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe igere ku ntego yayo kandi ibe inyandiko nziza cyane mu buryo bw'imyandikire n'ubusobanuro, umuhinduzi agomba kwitwararika ibi bikurikira:
- Gusesengura Umwimerere w'Inyandiko: Soma inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo umenye umwuka urimo (tone), intego yayo (purpose), ndetse n'ubwoko bw'abasomyi bayo (target audience).
- Kwirinda Guhindura Ijambo ku Rindi: Kubera itandukaniro ry'imyubakire y'interuro (SVO vs VSO), guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) bizabyara inyandiko itagira ubusobanuro busobanutse. Ibande ku ntekerezo z'ijambo n'interuro.
- Gukoresha Ururimi rw'Igifatizo (Pivot Language): Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo zikomeye zihuriweho hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igicebuwano, ururimi rw'Icyongereza rushobora gukoreshwa nk'ikiraro (pivot) cyo kugenzura ubusobanuro bw'amagambo agoye.
- Kureba Ibihuye mu Muco: Amagambo y'umuco w'u Rwanda nka "guca amakoro", "imihango n'imigenzo" n'ayandi agomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku ntekerezo zisanzwe cyangwa hagakoreshwa uburyo bwo gusobanura (descriptive translation) aho gushaka ijambo rimwe ritabaho.
- Igenzura ry'Inzobere y'Amavuko: Buri gihe inyandiko imaze guhindurwa igomba gusomwa no kugororwa n'umwenyegihugu uvuga Igicebuwano nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) kugira ngo harebwe ko ijwi ry'inyandiko n'imyandikire bitarimo ubunyamahanga.
Imbogamizi Zikunze Kugaragara n'Uburyo Bwo Kuzikemura
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu buhinduzi bw'izi ndimi zombi ni ukubura kw'amagambo amwe na mamwe y'ikoranabuhanga n'ubumenyi mu Kinyarwanda cyangwa mu Gicebuwano. Mu gihe uhuye n'ijambo ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryanditse mu Kinyarwanda (akenshi naryo rishobora kuba ryarahinduwe mu buryo bw'imyandikire ya Kinyarwanda nka "ikoranabuhanga" cyangwa "mudasobwa"), umuhinduzi agomba kureba ijambo ry'Icyongereza rishobora gukoreshwa mu Gicebuwano nk'iryitirano cyangwa iryahinduwe mu buryo bwaho (nka "kompyuter" cyangwa "teknolohiya").
Ikindi kibazo gikunze kugaragara ni imyandikire y'inshinga zerekana igihe igikorwa cyabereye (tenses). Mu Kinyarwanda, hari ibihe bitandukanye cyane (ibyabaye kera, ibyabaye vuba, ibiri kuba ubu, ibigiye kuba). Mu Gicebuwano, nubwo na ho hari ibihe (past, present, future), ibi bihe byibanda cyane ku kuba igikorwa cyararangiye (completed aspect cyangwa "naningi") cyangwa kitararangira (uncompleted aspect cyangwa "tingi"). Ibi bivuze ko umuhinduzi agomba kureka gukurikiza igihe cy'Ikinyarwanda ijambo ku rindi, ahubwo akareba niba igikorwa cyararangiye cyangwa kigikomeza mu gace k'inyandiko yandika.
Ubu buryo buhanitse bwo gusanisha imiterere y'indimi zombi, kwitwararika ibyerekezo by'inshinga, no kubaha umuco w'abasomyi b'indimi zombi, ni byo bituma guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gicebuwano biba igikorwa cy'ubwenge n'ubugeni gisaba abahanga babyigiye kandi bafite ubunararibonye bwihariye.