Guhindura inyandiko mu rurimi runaka ujya mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubwenge, ubushishozi n'ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico yazo. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura uvanaho mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gipolone (ururimi rukoreshwa mu gihugu cya Polonye), uyu mushinga urushaho gukomera kubera ko izi ndimi zikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye rwose. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwa Bantu rufite imiterere ishingiye ku nteko z'amazina n'utugenekerezo dufatira ku nshinga (agglutinative language), mu gihe Igipolone ari ururimi rw'Ikisilavu (Slavic language) rufite ikibonezamvugo gikomeye cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'imyundo y'amazina n'inshinga (inflected/fusional language). Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira, ibyiciro, ibibazo bikunze kugaragara, ndetse n'inama z'ingenzi zafasha abahinduzi b'indimi kugera ku ntsinzi.
Isano n'Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi keza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo y'izi ndimi zombi. Kuri rimwe, Ikinyarwanda gishingiye ku nteko z'amazina cumi na zirindwi (17). Izi nteko ni zo zifite uruhare rukomeye mu kumenya uko inshinga, ibinyazina, ndetse n'ibihe bikoreshwa mu nteruro bitegurwa. Ku rundi ruhande, ururimi rw'Igipolone ntirugira inteko z'amazina nk'iz'Ikinyarwanda, ahubwo rugira ibitsina bitatu by'amazina: igitsina-gabo (męski), igitsina-gore (żeński), ndetse n'igitsina-ngabo/ngore (nijaki).
Itandukaniro ryingenzi rigaragara mu buryo amazina ahinduka bitewe n'uruhare afite mu nteruro (cases cyangwa deklinacja mu Gipolone). Igipolone gifite imyundo (cases) irindwi (7): Nominownik (nyirizina), Dopełniacz (igenekereza), Celownik (icyerekezo), Biernik (ikigirwaho), Narzędnik (igikoresho), Miejscownik (ahantu), ndetse na Wołacz (iyamagana). Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko ijambo rimwe ry'izina rishobora guhindura inyuguti zaryo z'inyuma mu buryo butandukanye burindwi bitewe n'aho rihagaze mu nteruro. Mu Kinyarwanda, ubu buryo bukorwa hakoreshejwe amajambo nka "kuri", "mu", "na", cyangwa guhindura gusa uburyo inshinga yubatse (urugero: gukoresha inshinga icyerekezo nk'uko bikoreshwa mu nteruro "kumwandikira").
Inzira y'Itransiyasyon: Kuva ku Nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda Ujya ku Gipolone
Inzira yo guhindura Ikinyarwanda ujya mu Gipolone isaba ibyiciro bitari bike kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe igumane umwimerere wayo. Icyiciro cya mbere ni ugusoma no gusobanukirwa inyandiko-nyirizina. Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya umugambi w'umwanditsi, abo inyandiko igenewe, ndetse n'ijambo-rembo ry'umwandiko. Icyiciro cya kabiri ni ukubaka interuro nshya mu Gipolone. Kubera ko Igipolone kidafite gahunda ihamye y'aho amagambo agomba guhagarara (free word order) ugereranyije n'Ikinyarwanda gikoresha cyane gahunda y'Icyubahiro-Nshinga-Ikigirwaho (Subject-Verb-Object), umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso.
Mu Gipolone, ushobora guhindura umwanya w'amagambo mu nteruro kugira ngo ushimangire igice runaka cy'amakuru utabangamiye ikibonezamvugo. Urugero, interuro "Umwana arya umutsima" ishobora guhindurwa mu Gipolone nka "Dziecko je chleb" (Umwana arya umutsima/umutsima w'ibano), ariko ushobora no kuvuga "Chleb je dziecko" mu buryo bushaka gushimangira ko umutsima ari wo uribwa cyangwa mu zindi mvugo zo mu busizi, nubwo iyi nteruro ya kabiri ishobora no kwumvikana nabi mu buryo busanzwe nka "umutsima urarya umwana". Umuhinduzi rero agomba kumenya neza aho ashyira buri jambo kugira ngo ashyikire ubusobanuro nyabwo bwo mu Kinyarwanda nta rujijo rubayemo.
Ibikunze Kugora Abahinduzi n'Uburyo bwo Kubyirinda
Mu guhindura izi ndimi zombi, hari inzitizi zikunze kugaragara cyane zishingiye ku kurema interuro n'imikoreshereze y'inshinga:
- Ibihe n'Intego z'Inshinga (Tenses and Aspects): Inshinga zo mu Kinyarwanda zifite ibihe byinshi bitandukanye (nk'igihe kizaza cya hafi, igihe kizaza cya kure, igihe cyahise cya hafi n'icya kure). Mu Gipolone, hari ibihe bitatu gusa: ibyahise (czas przeszły), iby'ubu (czas teraźniejszy), n'ibizaza (czas przyszły). Gusa, Igipolone gikoresha uburyo bw'inshinga zerekana niba igikorwa cyararangiye (aspekt dokonany) cyangwa se kigikomeza (aspekt niedokonany). Umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa niba igikorwa cyo mu Kinyarwanda cyararangiye burundu kugira ngo akoreshe inshinga ihuye nacyo mu Gipolone.
- Ibisobanuro by'Umuco (Cultural Nuances): Ikinyarwanda gifite amagambo menshi ashingiye ku muco w'ubworozi n'amateka y'u Rwanda adafite ahantu na hamwe ahuriye n'umuco wa Polonye. Amagambo nka "Inyambo", "Gukwa", "Umuganda", "Gacaca", cyangwa "Inatano" ntaho ahuriye n'imvugo z'Ikipolone. Mu gihe uhuye n'ibi bibazo, hari uburyo bwo kubikemura nko gukoresha ubusobanuro bw'ijambo aho gukoresha izina ryaryo ryitegeye, cyangwa se gukoresha ijambo ry'umwimerere hanyuma ugatanga ubusobanuro mu nsi y'urupapuro (footnote).
Inama z'Inzobere mu Buhinduzi bw'Ikinyarwanda n'Igipolone
Kugira ngo inyandiko yawe ibe iy'indashyikirwa kandi yubahirize amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo n'umuco w'ururimi rw'Igipolone, kurikiza izi nama z'inzobere:
- Koresha inkoranyabigarama z'inzobere: Aho gukoresha porogaramu zihindura indimi mu buryo bwikora zikunze gukora amakosa menshi, koresha inkoranyamajambo z'inzobere z'Igipolone n'Ikinyarwanda, cyangwa iz'Icyongereza n'Igipolone zikururwamo ubumenyi buhagije buhuye n'inyito z'igihe tugezemo.
- Iga neza imyundo y'inshinga n'imyundo y'amazina: Iri ni ryo shingiro ry'ikibonezamvugo cy'Ikipolone (deklinacja na koniugacja), kandi amakosa ahakorewe ahita agaragaza ko inyandiko yakozwe n'umuntu utazi ururimi neza.
- Egera abavuga ururimi rw'Igipolone nk'ururimi rwabo rw'amavuko: Iyo urangije guhindura umwandiko, ni byiza kuwushyikiriza inzobere y'Umu-Polonye kugira ngo awusome kandi awukosore, arebe niba amagambo n'interuro bihagaze neza kandi bihuje n'imvugo isanzwe ikoreshwa muri Polonye.
- Tegura inyandiko yawe ku buryo inyura mu matwi kandi ikorohera umusomyi: Wituma inyandiko ihinduka nk'iyo ku mashini, ahubwo yigire nk'umwandiko wanditswe n'umuntu w'umuhanga utekereza mu Gipolone kandi ufite ubumenyi buhagije mu Kinyarwanda.
Uruhare rw'Ikoranabuhanga n'Igerageza rya Nyuma
Muri iki gihe, abahinduzi b'indimi bafite amahirwe yo gukoresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga (CAT tools nka SDL Trados cyangwa memoQ). Ibi bikoresho bifasha mu kubika amagambo yagiye ahindurwa (translation memory) kugira ngo agende akoreshwa mu buryo bumwe muri ya nyandiko yose, cyane cyane iyo ari inyandiko ndende z'amategeko, ubuvuzi cyangwa ikoranabuhanga. Nyuma yo gukoresha ibi bikoresho, umuhinduzi agomba gukora isuzuma rya nyuma (proofreading) yitonze. Isuzuma ryitonze rishingira ku kugenzura niba imyandikire y'amagambo (orthographe), ibimenyetso by'utudomo n'amakoma (punctuation), ndetse n'isura y'inyandiko muri rusange bihuje n'amahame y'igihugu cya Polonye. Ibi bituma inyandiko itanga umusaruro wifuzwa, ikagera ku ntego yayo yo gushyikiriza ubutumwa neza butakaye kandi busobanutse neza.