Guhindura inyandiko ku buryo bwa kinyamwuga kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Gisesoto (Sesotho) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imico yazo. Nubwo izi ndimi zombi zibarizwa mu muryango mugari w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages), buri rurimi rwifitemo umwihariko mu myandikire, mu miterere y'ijambo, no mu nkoranyamagambo. Iki gice kigaragaza inzira y'ikoranabuhanga n'iy'ubuvanganzo ikoreshwa mu guhindura inyandiko neza, ibibazo bikunze kugaragara, n'inama zagufasha gutanga umusaruro w'indashyikirwa.
Isano y'Indimi Zombi n'Iterambere ry'Imyandikire
Ikinyarwanda n'Igisesoto bisangiye inkomoko ya hafi nk'indimi z'Abantu, ibi bikaba bishaka kuvuga ko bifite imiterere y'ijambo yubakiye ku nteko z'amazina n'imigereka ishyirwa ku nshinga. Icyakora, Ikinyarwanda kibarizwa mu itsinda ry'indimi z'ibiyaga bigari (Great Lakes Bantu), mu gihe Igisesoto cyo mu majyepfo (Southern Sotho) kibarizwa mu itsinda ry'indimi zo muri Afurika y'amajyepfo (Sotho-Tswana). Iri tandukaniro ry'akarere ryaremye ibiranga buri rurimi mu buryo bw'amajwi (phonology) n'imyandikire (orthography). Umuhinduzi agomba gusobanukirwa ko nubwo hari uturemajambo dusa, imikoreshereze yabyo mu ntekerezo z'ijambo itandukanye cyane.
Imiterere y'Inteko z'Amazina: Ikinyarwanda n'Igisesoto
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi mu ndimi z'Abantu ni inteko z'amazina (noun classes). Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanije mu nteko zigera kuri 16, aho buri zina rigira akaremajambo k'imbere (prefix) gahura n'inshinga cyangwa ibihafi byayo. Mu Gisesoto na byo, hari inteko z'amazina zibarirwa mu 18, nubwo zimwe muri zo zitagikoreshwa cyane. Mu gihe uhindura, ugomba kwitonda kugira ngo umenye neza aho inteko yo mu Kinyarwanda ihurira n'iyo mu Gisesoto.
- Akaremajambo k'imbere: Mu Kinyarwanda, urugero nk'ijambo "umuntu" ryerekana inteko ya mbere (umu-). Mu Gisesoto, ijambo rishaka kuvuga umuntu ni "motho" (aho akaremajambo k'imbere ari mo-).
- Ubumwe n'Ubwinshi: Impinduka ziba ku mazina iyo avuye mu bumwe ajya mu bwinshi zigomba gukurikiranwa neza. Urugero, "abantu" mu Kinyarwanda bihinduka "batho" mu Gisesoto.
- Guhuza ibihafi n'inshinga: Uburyo inshinga ihuzwa n'inteko y'izina buyobora isano y'amagambo mu nteruro. Gukora amakosa mu guhuza ibihafi bishobora guhindura rwose icyo inyandiko yavugaga cyangwa bigatuma isomeka nabi cyane.
Itandukaniro mu Miterere y'Inshinga n'Ibihe
Imiterere y'inshinga mu Kinyarwanda n'Igisesoto iragoye cyane kandi iratandukanye. Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga imwe ishobora kubamo akaremajambo k'umutwe, icyerekezo cy'igihe, akaremajambo k'inshinga nyayo, n'akaremajambo k'inyereza. Igisesoto na cyo gikoresha ubu buryo bwo guhuriza uturemajambo mu nshinga (agglutination), ariko imiterere y'ibihe byacyo yihariye mu buryo bundi.
Urugero, mu Gisesoto, ibihe nka "hona joale" (ubu ngubu) cyangwa ibihe by'amateka bikoresha uturemajambo tw'inyongera twihariye (nka "tla", "sa", cyangwa "ne"). Umutego mukuru ku bahinduzi ni ugushaka guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) mu bihe by'inshinga. Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gufata igitekerezo cyose cy'igihe cyashatswe kuvugwa mu Kinyarwanda, hanyuma akagishakira inyito ihamye mu mvugo y'Igisesoto ikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Umuco n'Imvugo z'Imigenurano (Idioms and Cultural Transcreation)
Ururimi ni umuyoboro w'umuco. Ikinyarwanda gikungahaye ku mvugo z'imigenurano zishingiye ku nka, ku misozi, ndetse n'amateka y'u Rwanda. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Igisesoto gifite imvugo z'imigenurano zishingiye ku buzima bw'imisozi ya Lesotho, korora intama n'ihene, ndetse n'imigenzo y'abaturage ba Basotho.
Mu gihe uhuye n'imvugo nk'iyi: "Akanyoni katagurutse ntakamenya iyo bweze", guhindura ijambo ku rindi mu Gisesoto ntacyo byaba bivuze ku musomyi w'icyo gihugu. Aho guhindura ngo "nonyana e sa fambeng...", umuhinduzi agomba gushaka umugani w'Igisesoto ufite icyo gitekerezo cyo kugenda kumenya ubwenge cyangwa gushakashakisha urugero nka "Moeti o tsamaya ka maoto, o bona lintho tse ngata" cyangwa indi mvugo ihamye isanzwe ikoreshwa mu Gisesoto.
Imyandikire n'Ibonezamajwi (Orthography and Phonology)
Imyandikire y'indimi zombi iratandukanye cyane kubera amateka y'inyandiko yazo. Ikinyarwanda gikoresha inyandiko yoroheje ishingiye ku nyuguti z'ikilatini zifite amajwi amwe n'amwe yihariye nka "cy", "jy", "sh", n'amajwi aturuka mu mazuru. Igisesoto cyo gikoresha inyuguti zifite amateka y'abanditsi b'abamisiyonari b'Abafaransa n'Abongereza muri Lesotho. Ibi bituma gikoresha inyuguti nka "š", "ts", "tš", "hl", "ntl", n'izindi zerekana amajwi arimo n'akanyego cyangwa guhuha.
Abahinduzi bagomba kwitonda mu buryo bwo kwandika amazina bwite (proper nouns). Kwandika izina ry'ikinyarwanda mu nyandiko y'Igisesoto bishobora gusaba kurigira ryoroshye mu majwi cyangwa kwandikwa mu buryo buhuje n'amategeko y'imyandikire y'Igisesoto kugira ngo abasomyi babashe kuryisomera neza batagorotse iminwa.
Inama z'Ingirakamaro ku Bahinduzi b'Ikinyarwanda mu Gisesoto
Kugira ngo ugera ku musaruro w'inyandiko nziza kandi isomeka neza, kurikira izi nama zikurikira:
- Koresha Inkoranyamagambo z'Uburyo zombi (Bilingual Lexicons): Nubwo inkoranyamagambo itazagusobanurira byose, gukoresha inkoranyamagambo z'Ikinyarwanda n'iz'Igisesoto zigufasha kubona imizi y'amagambo ahuriweho (cognates).
- Soma Inyandiko z'Igisesoto zanditswe n'Abavuga Ururimi Gakondo (Native Speakers): Kumenya uburyo abavuga Igisesoto bandika no gusoma inyandiko zabo z'ikinyamwuga bifasha gufata imvugo zabo za buri munsi no kuzinjiza mu nyandiko uhindura.
- Eryama ku buryo bwo Kwibanda ku Gitekerezo (Dynamic Equivalence): Aho guhambirwa ku miterere y'interuro y'Ikinyarwanda, banza usobanukirwe icyo igamije, hanyuma uyandike mu Gisesoto cyumvikana neza nk'aho ari ho cyandikiwe bwa mbere.
- Koresha Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya CAT Tools: Nubwo software z'ubuhinduzi zishobora kuba zidafite algorithms zikomeye z'indimi zombi, kwikorera urutonde rw'amagambo (glossary) n'ububiko bw'ubuhinduzi (translation memory) bigufasha guhorana umwimerere umwe mu nyandiko zose ukora.
Umusozo w'Inyandiko ku Buhinduzi Buhambaye
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gisesoto ni urugendo rwo guhuza imico n'amateka by'abaturage batuye mu bice bitandukanye by'Afurika yo hagati no mu majyepfo yayo. Kubahiriza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, kwitondera imikoreshereze y'inteko z'amazina, no gukoresha imvugo ziboneye z'umuco w'Igisesoto ni ryo banga ryo gutanga ubuhinduzi bw'indashyikirwa buzanyura umusomyi wese ubuvuga.