Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezingafaniyo ngokomvelaphi nangokwakheka, njengesiXhosa (ulwimi lwesintu lwasemazantsi e-Afrika) nesiSunda (ulwimi lwase-Indonesia oluthethwa kwintshona yeJava), ngumsebenzi ofuna ingqondo ebanzi nokuqonda okunzulu kwesizathu sentlalo nenkcubeko yabasebenzisi bezi lwimi. Oku akupheleli nje ekutshintsheni amagama asuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, kodwa kumalunga nokwakha ibhulorho yentsingiselo phakathi kweehlabathi ezimbini ezohlukeneyo. Kule mihla yotshintsho lwedijithali nophuhliso lwewebhu, ukuguqulela okukufutshane nokufanelekileyo kunceda amashishini nemibutho ukuba ifikelele kubaphulaphuli abatsha ngendlela ehambelanayo nenkcubeko yabo. Esi sikhokelo siza kuphonononga ngokubanzi inkqubo, imingeni, neengcebiso ezibalulekileyo zokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiSunda.
Imingeni Yolwakhiwo Lwezilwimi: IsiXhosa NesiSunda
IsiXhosa sisakhiwo esisekelwe kuncamathiselo (agglutinative language), apho izimaphambili nezizimva zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwakha amagama amatsha nokubonisa ubudlelwane begrama. Udidi lwesibizo (noun classes) ludlala indima enkulu kwisiXhosa, kwaye lukhoza isivumelanisi sesenzo nesiphuhlisi kuwo wonke umvakalisi. Kwelinye icala, isiSunda (Sundanese) silulwimi lwase-Austronesia olunesakhiwo esahlukileyo. Nangona isiSunda sisebenzisa izimamva nezimaphambili noko (affixes), isakhiwo saso sithembele kakhulu kulandelelwano lwamagama kwaye asinazo iiklasi zezibizo ezifana nezomdla wesiXhosa. Le mimahluko ibangela ukuba umguquli-lwimi kufuneka azazi kakuhle iindlela zokutshintsha ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwesiXhosa lube yindlela ecacileyo nefanelekileyo yesiSunda ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yoqobo.
Ulwakhiwo Lwezivakalisi Negrama Entsonkothileyo
Ukuma kwesivakalisi kwisiXhosa kulandela inkqubo yesiFundo-Senzo-Kwenziwa (SVO - Subject-Verb-Object). IsiSunda naso sisebenzisa inkqubo efanayo ye-SVO, kodwa indlela yokubonisa ixesha (tense), inkalo (aspect), nesimo (mood) yahluke kakhulu. KwisiXhosa, ixesha nesenzo zibhalwe ngaphakathi kwisenzi ngokusebenzisa izimaphambili zexesha (ezinjenge-ya-, -za-, -e-). KwisiSunda, izalathisi-xesha (time markers) ezinjenge "parantos" (sele kwenzekile) okanye "nuju" (kusaqhuba) zihlala zibekwa phambi kwesenzi njengamagama ahlukeneyo. Ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo kufuna ukuba umguquli atshanje indlela yesenzo somlinganiselo wexesha lesiXhosa kwaye asebenzise izalathisi-xesha ezichanekileyo zesiSunda ukuze isivakalisi sibe nengqondo kwaye sivakale njengento ebhaliweyo ngumthonyama wesiSunda.
Amanqanaba Entlonipho KwisiSunda (Undak Usuk Basa)
Omnye wemingeni emikhulu xa kuguqulelwa kwisiSunda luhlobo lwentlonipho eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"Undak usuk Basa". Esi sisimo sentlalo apho ulwimi lwahlulwa ngezikhundla okanye amanqanaba okuthetha kuxhomekeke ekubeni uthetha nabani, okanye uthetha ngabani. Kukho amanqanaba afana ne-"lemes" (ulwimi olubekekileyo nolosapho), "loma" (ulwimi lwesiqhelo nolabahlobo), kunye ne-"kasar" (ulwimi olungekho sikweni okanye olukrwada). KwisiXhosa, nangona kukhona ukuhlonipha (ukusebenzisa izimelabizo zentlonipho okanye ukuphepha amagama athile ezityeni nasebukhweni), isakhiwo solwimi asitshintshi ngokupheleleyo ngendlela eyenzeka ngayo kwisiSunda. Umguquli-lwimi kufuneka aqonde ukhombiso lomxholo: ukuba ngaba uxwebhu lolombuso okanye lwezoshishino, kufuneka kusetyenziswe inqanaba le-"lemes". Ukuba luxwebhu lwencoko ekhululekileyo okanye amabali, inqanaba le-"loma" lingasetyenziswa. Ukhetho olungafanelekanga lungabonakalisa ukungahloniphi okanye ukungazi kwabo bathetha isiSunda.
Ukugqithiswa Kwenkcubeko Nentsingiselo (Transcreation)
Ukuguqulela okusebenzayo akugcini nje ngokuthatha amagama ahlukeneyo kodwa kufuneka kudluliselwe inkcubeko ngokwayo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation. IsiXhosa sityebile ngezafobe, izaci namaqhalo asekelwe kubomi baphantsi nasemakhaya, ukufuywa kweenkomo, kunye nezithethe zesiNtu. IsiSunda naso sinenkcubeko nengqondo yayo esekelwe kubomi basemaphandleni, ukulinywa kwerayisi (sawah), kunye nefilosofi yobuSunda enonxibelelwano olunzulu nendalo (Sunda Wiwitan) kunye nefuthe lenkolo yobuSulumane. Xa umguquli-lwimi edibana neqhalo lesiXhosa, umzekelo "ukubamba ngazo zombini" (ukubulela kakhulu), ukuyiguqulela ngqo kwisiSunda kungazisa ukudideka okukhulu. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka afune iqhalo elilinganayo lesiSunda elidlulisa intsingiselo efanayo yombulelo onzulu ngaphakathi komxholo wabo, njengendlela yokubonisa intlonipho noxabiso oluvela entliziyweni.
Ukuphuculwa Kwe-SEO Kwiinguqulelo Zeelwimi Ezininzi
Kule mihla, uninzi lweenguqulelo zenzelwa ukuba zipapashwe kwi-intanethi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukulungiselelwa kweenjini zokhangelo (SEO) kubaluleke kakhulu. Xa uguqulela isicatshulwa ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiSunda ukwenzela iwebhusayithi, kufuneka wenze uphando lwamagama-ndokwenza (keywords) kwisiSunda. Amagama asetyenziswa kakhulu ngabathethi be-Sundanese xa bekhangela iinkonzo okanye iimveliso kwi-Google kufuneka abandakanywe kwizihloko (H1, H2, H3), kwi-meta descriptions, nakumbhalo ngokwawo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nangona isiseko sombhalo sasiyilesiXhosa, umbhalo omaphantsi wesiSunda uza kufumaneka lula kwi-intanethi ngabathethi bolwo lwimi. Ukugcina amanqaku aphambili e-SEO kunceda ekuphuculeni ukubonakala kwewebhusayithi jikelele kwaye kukhulisa inani labatyeleli bewebhu.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Kubaguquli-Lwimi
Kubaguquli abafuna ukwenza umsebenzi wobuchule kweli candelo, kukho amanyathelo abalulekileyo ekufuneka bawalandele ukuze baphumelele:
- Ukusebenzisa izichazi-magama ezithembekileyo: Kuba kungekho zixhobo zininzi zokuguqulela ngokungqalileyo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiSunda, abadwelisi beelwimi rhoqo basebenzisa ulwimi lwesibini njengebhulorho (bridge language), njengesiNgesi okanye isi-Indonesian. Oku kufuna unyango olongezelelweyo ukunqanda iimpazamo zokuguqulela kabini.
- Ukuqulunqa i-Glossary: Phambi kokuba uqale inguqulelo enkulu, qulunqa uluhlu lwamagama ahambelanayo nentsingiselo yawo (glossary) ukugcina ukungaguquguquki kolwimi kuyo yonke iprojekthi.
- Uhlolo lwamalungu amathathu (LQA): Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo oguqulelweyo ujongwa ngomnye umntu othetha isiSunda njengolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe (native speaker) ukuhlola ukuba ngaba ulwimi luhamba kakuhle na kwaye lufanelekile na ngokwesiko.
Ubukho Bentsingiselo Kwezobuchwepheshe Nelizwe Langoku
Ekugqibeleni, ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiSunda luhambo olubonisa ubuhle bohlukano lweelwimi nehlabathi lethu. Ngokuhlonipha imigaqo yegrama yombini le mihlaba, ukuqonda amanqanaba ohlukeneyo entlonipho lwesiSunda, kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela zale mihla ze-SEO, abaguquli-lwimi banokuvelisa imibhalo esemgangathweni ophezulu edlulisela intsingiselo echanekileyo nefuthe elinye kubo bonke abafundi. Eli candelo lifuna inyameko, ubuchule obuphezulu, kunye nothando lokwakha unxibelelwano olungenamagingxigingxi phakathi kwabantu nentlalo eyahlukeneyo kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ledijithali.