Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujya mu rundi ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhanitse, cyane cyane iyo uwo murimo ukorwa hagati y'indimi zikomoka mu miryango itandukanye rwose y'indimi. Guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rw'Ikibantu rukoreshwa muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba) ugana mu Gisiribiya (ururimi rw'Igisilave cy'Amafo ry'Amajyepfo rukoreshwa mu gace k'Ibirwa bya Balkan) birimo imbogamizi n'amahirwe menshi byihariye. Izi ndimi zombi zifite imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo, umuco, n'imyandikire bitandukanye cyane. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira yo guhindura ibikorwa hagati y'izi ndimi, imiterere yazo, n'inama z'ingenzi zafasha abahinduzi gukora akazi k'imyuga kandi gatanga umusaruro unoze.
Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo: Ibinyuranyo by'Ingenzi
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora umurimo unoze, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'ikibonezamvugo y'indimi zombi. Kinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'akagera (agglutinative language), aho amagambo aremwa hifashishijwe uduce (nk'imbanziriza, ingereka, n'inyomeka) twunganira inshinga cyangwa izina. Ku rundi ruhande, Igisiribiya ni ururimi rw'inyongera (inflectional language) aho ishingiro ry'ijambo rihinduka bitewe n'uruhare rwaryo mu nteruro.
1. Inteko z'Amazina (Noun Classes) n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina (Grammatical Genders and Cases)
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanyije mu nteko zikabakaba 16 cyangwa 20 (bitewe n'uburyo abahanga mu ndimi babisesengura). Buri nteko igena uburyo inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibimburangingo bihura nayo mu nteruro. Mu Gisiribiya, nta nteko z'amazina zihari, ariko hari ibyiciro bitatu by'amazina bishingiye ku gitsina (grammatical gender): gabo (masculine), gore (feminine), na rwagati (neuter). Ikigeretse cyangwa ikirushaho gukomerera abahinduzi mu Gisiribiya ni gahunda y'uturanga-ruhare (declensions/cases) tugera kuri turindwi (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Instrumental, na Locative). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya uko akura izina mu nteko y'Ikinyarwanda akariha agaciro n'akaranga-ruhare gikwiye mu Gisiribiya bitewe n'uruhare ryacyo mu nteruro.
2. Ibihe by'Inshinga n'Imitsindire (Verb Aspect and Tense)
Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga zifite ibihe byinshi bitandukanye, harimo ibihe bya hafi (recent past), ibihe bya kure (remote past), ndetse n'ibihe by'imbonekarimwe. Mu Gisiribiya, ibihe by'inshinga biroroshe kurushaho, ariko uru rurimi rukoresha cyane uburyo bw'imiterere y'inshinga (verb aspect): inshinga zisoza igikorwa (perfective) n'inshinga zikomeza igikorwa (imperfective). Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo asobanure neza niba igikorwa cyavuzwe mu Kinyarwanda kigikomeza cyangwa niba cyararangiye burundu, akoresheje inshinga y'Igisiribiya ifite imiterere ikwiye.
Ibizitira Umuhinduzi mu rwego rw'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikigereranyo
Umuceo w'Abanyarwanda urangwamo imvugo z'akarande, imigani, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zishingiye ku buhinzi, ubworozi, n'imibanire y'abantu. Mu Gisiribiya, naho imvugo zabo zishingiye ku mateka y'intambara, ubuhinzi mu misozi, n'imibanire y'imiryango yo mu birwa bya Balkan. Guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) akenshi bishobora gutuma ubutumwa butakaza ireme cyangwa bugahinduka ikindi kintu kitumvikana.
- Imigani n'Imvugo z'Abanyarwanda: Urugero, imvugo nka "kumira mu minyago" cyangwa "kugera ku rutare" ntabwo zakwigishwa mu Gisiribiya hakoreshejwe amagambo asanzwe. Umuhinduzi agomba gushaka imvugo ihwanye na zo mu Gisiribiya zikoreshwa mu bihe nk'ibyo.
- Imyemerere n'Ubuzima bwa buri munsi: Ibikoresho by'umuco nko "gacaca", "imigongo", cyangwa "inkingi" bishobora gusaba ibisobanuro byongeweho mu Gisiribiya (annotations) kuko bidafite amagambo ahwanye na byo mu buryo butaziguye.
- Inzira y'Imyandikire y'Igisiribiya (Digraphia): Igisiribiya ni ururimi rukoresha inyandiko zombi: Ikirilike (Cyrillic) n'Ikilatini (Latin). Umuhinduzi agomba kumenya abasomyi be abo ari bo kugira ngo ahitemo inyandiko ikwiye yo gukoresha, nubwo zose zemewe mu buryo bw'amategeko.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Imyuga
Kugira ngo akazi ko guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gisiribiya kande neza kandi kagere ku ntego, abahinduzi bagomba gukurikiza izi nama z'inzobere:
- Soma ubutumwa bwose mbere yo guhindura: Ntugahindure interuro ku yindi. Banze usome inyandiko yose y'Ikinyarwanda uyisobanukirwe, ubone gutangira kwandika mu Gisiribiya.
- Koresha amagambo ahwanye n'intego (Functional Equivalence): Aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi, shakisha igitekerezo nyamukuru hanyuma ucyandike mu Gisiribiya mu buryo bwumvikana neza ku Munyasiribiya w'akarande.
- Genzura itandukaniro ry'inyandiko (Alphabet Selection): Niba uhindurira urwego rwa Leta muri Seribiya, inyandiko y'Ikirilike (Ćirilica) ni yo ikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu buryo bw'amategeko. Niba ari inyandiko z'ubucuruzi cyangwa urubyiruko, inyandiko y'Ikilatini (Latinica) ishobora kuba ihagije.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'inzobere: Kubera ko nta nkoranyamagambo nini itaziguye ihari hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igisiribiya, abahinduzi bakunze kwifashisha indimi z'abahuza nka Cyongereza cyangwa Igifaranza. Ibi bisaba ubushishozi bwo kwirinda ko ubutumwa buhinduka mu gihe bunyuze mu rundi rurimi.
- Kora isubiramo ry'inyandiko (Proofreading): Buri gihe hitabazwa umuntu uvuga Igisiribiya nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko (native speaker) ngo asome inyandiko ya nyuma, yemeze ko yanditse mu buryo buboneye kandi bwumvikana neza.
Urugero rw'Igenzura ry'Inyandiko
Mu gusoza, guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gisiribiya bisaba kurenga imbibi z'amagambo ukagera mu mutima w'umuco. Umuryango w'indimi z'Ikibantu n'iy'indimi z'Igisilave zifite ubutunzi bwinshi mu mvugo, kandi guhuza izi ndimi zombi bishoboza abasomyi gusangira ubwo butunzi batanyuze mu zindi ndimi z'amahanga. Ibi bituma ubutumwa bugera ku bo bugenewe mu buryo butaziguye, buha agaciro indimi zombi ndetse n'umuco w'abazivuga.