Intangiriro ku Isano n'Itandukaniro ry'Ikinyarwanda n'Igisundane
Ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda n'urw'Igisundane (Sundanese) bikomoka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages) zikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika yo Kati n'iy'Iburasirazuba, mu gihe Igisundane ari ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Aziya n'Apasifika (Austronesian languages) rukoreshwa cyane mu gice cy'iburengerazuba bwa Java muri Indoneziya. Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa imvugo kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Gisundane bisaba kumenya neza itandukaniro rishingiye ku kibonezamvugo, imiterere y'amagambo, ndetse n'umuco w'abavuga izo ndimi zombi. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura mu buryo bwimbitse inzira n'amategeko bigenga ubwo buhinduzi busaba ubuhanga buhanitse.
Itandukaniro ry'Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo n'Inteko z'Amazina
Mu Kinyarwanda, inkingi y'ikibonezamvugo ishingiye ku nteko z'amazina (noun classes) zikurikirana kuva ku ya mbere kugeza ku ya makumyabiri n'enye, aho buri zina rigenerwa inteko riyoboramo andi magambo nka ntera, nshinga, n'ibinyazina binyuze mu bwumvikane bw'amajwi (concord). Mu Gisundane, iyi miterere ntayo. Igisundane nta nteko z'amazina gifite, kandi ntigikoresha uburyo bw'ubwumvikane bw'amazina n'inshinga hashingiye ku nteko nka mu Kinyarwanda.
Aho kugira ngo hakoreshwe uturemajambo tubanziriza izina (prefixes) cyangwa utugera inyuma (suffixes) twerekana inteko, Igisundane gikoresha uturemajambo dushobora kujya hagati mu jambo (infixes) nka "-ar-" cyangwa "-in-", ndetse n'inyongerajambo zerekana ubwinshi n'ubuke. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo asobanure neza amakuru yose atangwa n'inteko z'amazina mu Kinyarwanda, akayashyira mu Gisundane akoresheje amagambo asanzwe cyangwa inyandiko zifasha gusobanura umubare n'icyiciro cy'ikintu kivugwa.
Inzego z'Imvugo n'Ikinyabupfura mu Gisundane (Undak Usuk Basa)
Rimwe mu matandukaniro akomeye cyane hagati y'izi ndimi zombi rishingiye ku nzego z'icyubahiro zikoreshwa mu Gisundane, bizwi nka "Undak usuk basa". Mu Kinyarwanda, nubwo habaho gukoresha imvugo z'icyubahiro (nka "mwebwe" aho gukoresha "wowe" cyangwa inshinga zihariye zihabwa icyubahiro mu rwego rw'abayobozi cyangwa abasaza), Igisundane cyo gifite inzego zihariye z'ururimi zigomba gukurikizwa hashingiye ku wo muvugana:
- Kasar (Urwego rwo hasi): Rukoreshwa mu kuvugana n'inshuti za hafi cyangwa abantu bangana, ndetse no mu bihe bitari iby'akazi.
- Loma (Urwego rwa rusange): Rukoreshwa n'abantu bamenyeranye ariko batari inshuti z'akadasohoka, cyangwa mu nyandiko z'itangazamakuru zidasaba icyubahiro kidasanzwe.
- Halus (Urwego rw'icyubahiro cyo hejuru): Rugabanukamo na none "Halus Lemes" (ku bandi bantu) na "Halus Sedang" (kwicisha bugufi wivugaho). Ibi bikoreshwa iyo uvugana n'abayobozi, abasaza, cyangwa abantu utazi neza.
Iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda, umuhinduzi agomba gusesengura imyifatire n'isano riri hagati y'umwanditsi n'abasomyi b'inyandiko y'umwimerere. Niba inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda ikoresha imvugo isanzwe ariko yubashye, mu Gisundane hagomba gukurikizwa urwego rwa "Halus" cyangwa "Loma" bitewe n'imyaka n'icyubahiro cy'abavugwa mu nkuru cyangwa abagenewe ubutumwa.
Inshinga n'Ibihe by'Inshinga (Verbs and Tenses)
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi mu buhinduzi ni uko inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite imiterere ikomeye cyane kandi yuzuye ibihe bitandukanye (tenses) nk'igihe kizaza, igihe cyahise cya hafi, igihe cyahise cya kure, n'igihe kizaza cya hafi. Ibihe byose bigaragazwa n'agakerezo cyangwa akajambo gahinnye kari mu nshinga ubwayo.
Mu Gisundane, inshinga ntizihindura imiterere hashingiye ku gihe cy'imirimo. Aho kuba ibyo, Igisundane gikoresha amagambo yerekana igihe (adverbs of time) nka "kamari" (ejo hashize), "ayeuna" (ubu), cyangwa "isukan" (ejo hazaza), ndetse n'inyandiko zifasha nka "parantos" cyangwa "tos" (cyarangiye), na "keur" cyangwa "nuju" (kiri kuba). Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo atabyaza inshinga z'Igisundane mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, ahubwo agakoresha neza ayo magambo yerekana igihe kugira ngo asobanure neza igihe igikorwa cyabereye nk'uko byari bimeze mu mwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda.
Guhuza Imico n'Imvugo z'Ishusho (Cultural Transcreation)
Ubuhinduzi buva mu Kinyarwanda bujya mu Gisundane ntibugomba kuba ubw'ijambo ku rindi. Imitere y'umuco w'Abanyarwanda ikungahaye ku migani n'imivugo ishingiye ku borozi b'inka, imisozi, n'imvura. Igisundane nacyo cyuzuyemo imvugo z'ishusho zishingiye ku muco w'Aba-Sunda uhambaye ku buhinzi bw'umuceri (huma/sawah), imisozi ya Priangan, ndetse n'imyizerere gakondo.
Umuhinduzi mwiza agomba gukora icyo bita "transcreation" (guhindura umwandiko uhuza imico yombi). Niba umwandiko w'Ikinyarwanda uvuga uti "Amashyo n'amashongore", ntabwo bikwiriye guhindurwa ijambo ku rindi mu Gisundane ngo uvuge iby'inka gusa niba ubutumwa bwari ubwo kwifuriza umuntu ubukire n'amahoro. Aho kuba ibyo, bigomba guhindurwa hagakoreshwa imvugo y'Igisundane yerekana ubureme, uburumbuke, n'imigisha mu buryo bwumvikana neza ku Musundane.
Inama z'Ingenzi n'Ibikoresho Bifasha ku Bahinduzi
Kugira ngo ubutumwa buhindurwe neza kandi butange umusaruro wifuzwa, abahinduzi baragirwa inama zo gukurikiza izi ntabwe:
- Gusesengura Umugabane n'Ubutumwa: Tangira usoma umwandiko wose w'Ikinyarwanda, umenye intego yawo n'urwego rw'imvugo rwagakoreshejwe.
- Gukoresha Ururimi rw'Inzibacyuho (Pivot Language): Kubera ko ibikoresho by'ubuhinduzi bitaziguye kuva mu Kinyarwanda kugeza mu Gisundane bikiri bike, gukoresha Ikinyandoneziya (Bahasa Indonesia) nka pivot bishobora gufasha mu gusobanukirwa amagambo amwe n'amwe, ariko ugomba kwitonda kuko Igisundane gifite amategeko n'amagambo byacyo byihariye.
- Kugenzura inyandiko n'abavuga ururimi rw'Igisundane kavukire: Nyuma yo guhindura, ni ingenzi ko umwandiko unyuzwa mu maso y'umuntu uvuga Igisundane nka kavukire (Native Sundanese Speaker) kugira ngo yemeze niba imvugo z'icyubahiro n'imigani byakoreshejwe mu buryo bukwiriye.
Mu gusoza, guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gisundane ni umushinga usaba ubwenge, kwihangana, n'ubumenyi bw'umuco w'abantu batuye mu bice bitandukanye by'isi, ariko iyo bikozwe neza bifasha guhuza imiryango n'umuco bitandukanye mu buryo bw'indashyikirwa.