Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika kuwumsebenzi odinga ulwazi olujulile lwezinhlelo zolimi kanye namasiko ahlukene. Nakuba isiZulu nesiTswana kuyizilimi zomndeni owodwa wezilimi zeBantu, kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo okumele umhumushi aqaphele kakhulu uma efuna ukukhiqiza umbhalo osezingeni eliphezulu. IsiZulu singaphansi kweqembu lezilimi zesiNguni, kanti isiTswana singaphansi kweqembu lezilimi zesiSotho-Tswana. Leli phepha lihlaziya ngokujulile inqubo yokuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiTswana, lidingida umehluko wezinhlelo, amasiko, futhi linikeze amathiphu abalulekile okufanele alandelwe ngabahumushi abaqeqeshiwe nabasafufusa.
Umehluko Phakathi Kohlelo Lokubhala Oluhlanganisayo Noluhlukanisayo
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okumele umhumushi azazi uhlelo lokubhala lwalezi zilimi ezimbili. IsiZulu sisebenzisa uhlelo lokubhala oluhlanganisayo (conjunctive writing system). Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhi zolimi, izivumelwano nezenzo zibhalwa ndawonye njengegama elilodwa. Isibonelo, umusho othi "Ngiyazithanda izilwane" ubhalwa njengamagama amabili kuphela esiZulwini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiTswana sisebenzisa uhlelo lokubhala oluhlukanisayo (disjunctive writing system). Kulesi simo, izakhi zolimi zibhalwa ngokuhlukana njengamagama azimele. Umusho ofanayo ngesiTswana ubhalwa kanje: "Ke a di rata diphologolo". Lapha sibona amagama amahlanu ahlukene.
Lolu mehluko ludala izinselelo ezinkulu kubahumushi, ikakhulukazi labo abasanda kuqala noma abasebenzisa amathuluzi okuhumusha ekhompyutha. Uma umhumushi engaziqondi kahle lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zokubhala, angagcina esebhale umbhalo wesiTswana olandela isakhiwo sesiZulu, okwenza umbhalo wokugcina ungabonakali njengolimi lwemvelo futhi kube nzima ukuwufunda. Ngakho-ke, ukushintsha kwengqondo kusuka ekuhlanganiseni kuya ekuhlukaniseni izinhlamvu zolimi kuyisisekelo sokuqala sokuhumusha okuyimpumelelo phakathi kwalezi zilimi.
Izigaba Zamabizo Nezivumelwano Zazo
Izilimi zeBantu zaziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwazo lwezigaba zamabizo (noun class system). Zombili lezi zilimi, isiZulu nesiTswana, zinezinhlelo zezigaba zamabizo, kodwa iziqalo ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezivumelwano zazo ziyahluka. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umhumushi ahlolisise isakhiwo samabizo ukuze akwazi ukuthola izivumelwano ezifanele ngesiTswana.
Ngokwesibonelo, asibheke ibizo elithi "abantu" (isiZulu - isigaba 2). NgesiTswana, leli bizo lihunyushwa ngokuthi "batho". Iziqalo zomndeni wesiNguni zivame ukuba nonkamisa ophindwe kabili ekuqaleni (pre-prefix), njengokuthi 'a-ba-ntu', kanti isiTswana asinalo lolu hlelo lokuhlupha ngezinhlamvu ezimbili ekuqaleni, sisebenzisa isiqalo esisodwa esithi 'ba-tho'. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isivumelwano sesiZulu esithi 'ba-' sizoba 'ba-' nangesiTswana, kodwa ekubhalweni kwesivumelwano sezenzo kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Ngokwesibonelo:
- IsiZulu: Abantu bayahamba.
- IsiTswana: Batho ba a tsamaya.
Lapha isivumelwano 'baya-' esiZulwini siphenduka sibe 'ba a' ngesiTswana, ezinye izakhi ezibhaliwe zihlukana ngokuphelele. Umhumushi kumele abe nekhono lokuhlonza isigaba sebizo ngasinye esiZulwini bese esitholela isigaba esihambisana naso ngesiTswana ukuze izivumelwano wenzo, zeziphawulo nezezithasiselo zihlangane kahle ngaphandle kwamaphutha.
Ukuhunyushwa Kwezaga, Izisho Nemisho Yokuhlakanipha
Amandla nobuhle bezilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika azinze kakhulu ezidleleni zazo zezinkulumo ezingadingi ukulandela incazelo yezwi nezwi (literal meaning). Izaga nezisho zesiZulu zivame ukuthwala umlando, amasiko kanye nezinkolelo zabantu bakwaZulu. Uma umhumushi ezama ukuhumusha lezi zinkulumo ngezwi nezwi eziyisa kusiTswana, umphumela ungaba yinhlekisa noma umbhalo ongenanjongo nhlobo.
Isibonelo, isaga sesiZulu esithi "Injobo enhle yethungelwa ebandla" sisho ukuthi kubalulekile ukubuza abanye nokucela usizo emphakathini ukuze wenze into kahle. Ukuze uhumushe lokhu kahle kusiTswana, akumele uhumushe 'injobo' (leather tassel) noma 'ibandla' (assembly/congregation) ngqo. Esikhundleni salokho, kumele uthole isaga sesiTswana esihambisana nale ncazelo yamasiko. NgesiTswana, kunesaga esifanayo esithi "Kgetse ya tsie e kgonwa ke go tshwaraganelwa", okusho ukuthi umthwalo uba lula uma ubanjwe ngobuningi. Ukwazi lezi zinga zezilimi ezimbili kudinga ukuthi umhumushi abe ngogxile kakhulu esikweni nasemlandwini yalezi zilimi zombili, hhayi nje ukwazi amagama kuphela.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamagama Abolekiwe Nokusungulwa Kwamagama Amasha
Ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, isayensi kanye nezinguquko kwezepolitiki nezenhlalo, kukhona amagama amaningi amasha angenayo ezilimini zomdabu. IsiZulu nesiTswana asebenzise izindlela ezihlukene zokwamukela noma zokuboleka amagama amasha asuka esiNgisini noma kwisiBhunu (Afrikaans). Lapha umhumushi kumele abe neso elibukhali.
Isibonelo, igama elithi "isikole" esiZulwini (elibolekwe kwelithi 'school' noma 'skool') lihunyushwa ngokuthi "sekolo" ngesiTswana. Kanti igama elithi "imoto" (car) lithi "koloi" ngesiTswana (okuyigama lomdabu lasekuqaleni elalisho inqola yedonswa yezinkabi, kodwa elisetshenziswa nasezifuthweni zanamuhla). Umhumushi kumele azi ukuthi nini lapho kufanele asebenzise igama elibolekiwe elijwayelekile emphakathini, nokuthi nini lapho kufanele afune igama lomdabu wesiTswana ukuze abuyisele isithunzi namandla olimi. Ukuzikhethela kahle phakathi kwamagama asungulwe amasha (neologisms) namagama angeniswe ngezindlela zokuboleka amagama (borrowing) kuyasiza ekugcineni umbhalo unembile futhi ukhanga kubafundi bomdabu besiTswana.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Okusezingeni Eliphezulu
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiTswana uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ukhanga kubafundi, landela la mathiphu alandelayo:
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Ngezwi Nezwi (Literal Translation): Hlala ukhumbula ukuthi umqondo yiwona ohunyushwayo, hhayi amagama ngabodwana. Funda umusho wesiZulu uwuqonde ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba ubhale phansi okulingana nawo ngesiTswana.
- Hlonipha Uhlelo Lwesipelingi Nemithetho YesiTswana: Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isipelingi sakamuva nesezifanele sesiTswana esamukelwe yibhodi lezilimi (njenge-PanSALB eNingizimu Afrika). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi isiTswana sibhalwa emazweni ahlukene njengeNingizimu Afrika kanye neBotswana, lapho kungase kube nomehluko omncane wendlela yokubhala nemithetho ethile.
- Funda Izincwadi Nemibhalo YesiTswana: Indlela engcono kakhulu yokwakha ulwazi lwamagama ahlukahlukene kanye nezakhiwo zemisho ukufunda imibhalo ebhaliwe ngesiTswana esijulile. Lokhu kukunika umuzwa wokuthi ulimi luzwakala kanjani endleleni yemvelo.
- Sebenzisa Izichazamazwi Nezincwadi Zohlelo Zolimi: Ungalokothi wethembe inkumbulo yakho kuphela. Sebenzisa izichazamazwi zolimi ezimbili (Zulu-English kanye ne-Tswana-English) kanye nezichazamazwi ezichaza ulimi olulodwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi izincazelo zakho ziqondile.
- Hlola Umbhalo Wakho Okwesibili: Uma usuqedile ukuhumusha, shiya umbhalo isikhathi esincane bese ubuyela kuwo ukuze uwuhlole futhi ungasekho ngaphansi kwethonya lesiZulu (uhlelo lokuzifundela kabusha - proofreading). Uma kungenzeka, thola umfundi womdabu wesiTswana ukuba awubuke futhi awuhlole.
Izingqinamba Kwezokusakazwa Kwezindaba Kanye Nokukhangisa
Ekuhumusheni imibhalo yezentengiso, ukukhangisa noma imibhalo yezomthetho nezezempilo, ukunemba komqondo kubaluleke kakhulu kunesakhiwo solimi. IsiZulu sinomoya othile ohloniphayo futhi othi ukugcwala amazwi ahambisana nenhlonipho (ukuhlonipha nokusebenzisa izindlela ezithile zokukhuluma). NgesiTswana, indlela yokukhombisa inhlonipho (go tlotla) nayo inezinhlelo zayo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni izakhi zolimi zokuphinyiselwa komuntu wesithathu noma ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zobuningi ("lo/le" noma "bana").
Lapho uhumusha imibhalo yezokukhangisa, kumele ube 'nomhumushi odala kabusha' (transcreator). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele uthathe umyalezo wokukhangisa wesiZulu, uwuhlakaze, bese uwakha kabusha ngesiTswana usebenzisa imizwa, izisho, nemikhuba eyaziwayo eBotswana nasezifundeni ezikhuluma isiTswana eNingizimu Afrika (njengeNorth West). Ngokwenza kanjalo, abathengi bezinsizakalo noma bempahla bazozizwa bekhulunyiswa ngolimi lwabo lebele ngendlela enenhlonipho nethembekile, okuyinto eyenza ukukhangisa kube yimpumelelo enkulu.
Sengiphetha, ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiTswana akukhona nje ukushintshanisa amagama phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili, kodwa kuwukwakha ibhuloho phakathi kwemindeni emibili ehlukene yesiko nesakhiwo solimi ze-Bantu. Ngokulandela lezi dindlela ezichazwe ngenhla, abahumushi bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imibhalo engenasici, efundekayo nenenhlonipho ehlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zabafundi besiTswana.