Kushandurwa kwemashoko kubva kuChishona kuenda kuSpanish (chiSipanishi) ibasa rakaoma asi rinonakidza, rinoda ruzivo rwakadzama rwemitoo yemitauro miviri iyi pamwe netsika dzevanhu vanoitaura. Sezvo Chishona chiri mutauro weBantu unowanikwa muZimbabwe uye mitauro yeSipanishi iri yemitauro yeRomance inotaurwa muSpain nemunyika dzakawanda dzekuLatin America, pane misiyano mikuru pane zvakagadzirwa nemutauro, magiramendi, uye kushandiswa kwemashoko. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa gwaro chairo rine chekuita nemitoo, matambudziko, nemazano anodiwa nevashanduri kuti vakwanise kubudisa shanduro inyanzvi, inonzwisisika uye inoremekedza tsika dzose dzeChishona neSpanish.
Kanzura neKugadziriswa Kwezvivakwa zveMitauro
Chishona neSpanish zvose zvinoshandisa kurongeka kwemutauro kweSubject-Verb-Object (SVO) semutoo mukuru, asi nzira dzadzo dzekugadzira mitsara dzinosiyana zvakanyanya panyaya dzezvisarudzo (pronowns) uye madanidziro ezviito. MuSpanish, zvisungo zvinomirira munhu (subject pronouns) zvakaita sa yo, tú, kana nosotros kazhinji hazvinyorwi mumutsara nekuti chiito pachacho chiine zviperengo zvinoratidza kuti ndiani ari kuita chiitiko chacho. Izvi zvakasiyana neChishona, uko patinoshandisa zvivakashure zvezvisazitasingwi zvakasungirirwa kuchiito pachacho (subject prefixes), sekuenzanisira: "Ndinovaziva" inogona kushandurwa se "Los conozco" kana "Las conozco", apo chisazitasingwi "ndin-" chakashandurwa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa chiito muSpanish.
Mukuwedzera, kurongeka kwezvipauro (adjectives) nemazita (nouns) kwakasiyana. MuChishona, chipauro chinowanzotevera zita rinorehwa asi paine nzira dzekuzvibatanidza nemadonzvo. MuSpanish zvakare, zvipauro zvinotevera mazita mazhinji (semuyenzaniso, el libro rojo - bhuku dzvuku), asi pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu apo chipauro chinogona kutangira zita kuti chipe imwe tsananguro yekufananidzira kana yemanzwiro. Mushanduri anofanira kungwarira misiyano iyi kuitira kuti mutsara wechiSpanish uverengeke zvakanaka pasina kuita sewakashandurwa sezvauri (literal translation).
Zvikamu zveMazita nekuwirirana kweZviperengo
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru mukushandura kubva kuChishona kuenda kuSpanish riri panyaya yezvikamu zvemazita. Mutauro weChishona wakavakirwa pamapoka emazita (noun classes) anopfuura gumi nematanhatu, apo mazita anopihwa zvivakashure (prefixes) zvinoenderana nechimiro chawo (vanhu, zvinhu, miti, mhuka, zvichingodaro). Izvi zvikamu zvinotonga kuwirirana kwemutsara wose (concordial agreement), kusanganisira zviito nezvipauro.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutauro weSpanish une zvikamu zviviri chete zvezviratidzo: echikadzi (feminine) neechirume (masculine). Paunenge uchishandura kubva kuChishona uchienda kuSpanish, mushanduri anofanira kutarisa kuti zita reChishona richawira pasi pechikadzi kana chirume muSpanish. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "muti" muChishona riri muchikamu chechitatu (class 3). MuSpanish, shoko racho rinoti el árbol, iro riri rechirume (masculine). "Musha" unova la casa (kana uri imba) inova yechikadzi (feminine). Mushanduri anofanira kuziva zvakazara zvivakwa zvezvikadzi nechirume muSpanish uye matanho ekuwirirana kuitira kudzivisa zvikanganiso zvegiramendi zvakaita sekuisa chisarudzo chisina kukodzera pachinhu chiri kutaurwa.
Kushandurwa kweMadimikira netsika
Madimikira uye tsumo zvine chekuita zvikuru netsika dzeZimbabwe nevanhu vanotaura Chishona. Kushandura madimikira aya sezvaari (word-for-word translation) kuenda kuSpanish hakuna zvakunobatsira uye kunogona kuvhiringidza muverengi wechiSpanish. Nokudaro, mushanduri anofanira kushandisa nzira inonzi "transcreation" kana kuti shanduro yekugadzira zvine tsika (cultural adaptation).
Funga nezvetsumo yeChishona inoti: "Kugona nhundu kuenda nayo." Ukashandura izvi sezvaari muSpanish, ungati Saber manejar una canasta es irse con ella, izvo zvisina zvazvinoreva kune munhu anotaura chiSpanish. Pane kudaro, mushanduri anofanira kutsvaga tsumo inoenderana neiyi mumutauro weSpanish, yakadai seyo inoreva kuti munhu anofanira kupedza zvaakatanga kana kutakura mutoro wose wezvaanoita. Kumwe kuenzanisira ndiko kuti "kupfura muromo," uko kunoreva kutaura zvakawandisa kana kuburitsa zvakavanzika. MuSpanish, izvi zvinogona kushandurwa se irse de la lengua kana hablar más de la cuenta. Kuziva tsika dzemativi ose kunobatsira mushanduri kuti ashandise mutsara unobata manzwiro uye pfungwa dzakafanana nedzemunyori wekutanga.
Kushandurwa kweZviito neNguva dzeZviito
Maitiro ezviito muChishona akasiyana zvikuru neSpanish. Chishona chinoshandisa zvakanyanya madanidziro ekuwedzera kuchiito (verbal extensions) kuti chipe zvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita semabatirwo anoitwa zvinhu (causative, passive, reciprocal, applied). Somuenzaniso:
- Kushanda (to work)
- Kushandira (to work for - applied)
- Kushandisa (to use / make work - causative)
- Kushandisana (to work with each other - reciprocal)
MuSpanish, kunyangwe paine zvivakashure nezvikochekero zvishoma zvakafanana neizvi, kazhinji tinofanira kushandisa zviito zvakasiyana chose kana kuwedzera mamwe mashoko mumutsara (prepositions nemamwe mazwi). Semuyenzaniso, "kushandira" inova trabajar para, uye "kushandisa" inova usar kana utilizar. Mushanduri anofanira kunzwisisa zvakadzama mashandiro anoita izvi zvimiro zveChishona kuitira kuti ashandure shoko rimwe chete remubatanidza kuita mazwi anowirirana muSpanish pasina kurasikirwa nezvinangwa zvemashoko acho.
Panyaya dzenzira dzekuverengera nguva (tenses), Spanish ine tsika yakaoma yekubatanidza zviito (conjugations) zvichienderana nenguva uye mafungiro (indicative, subjunctive, imperative). Dzimwe nguva dzechiSpanish dzakadai se pretérito imperfecto (nguva yakapfuura inorondedzera zvaigara zvichiitika) uye pretérito indefinido (nguva yakapfuura yezviitiko zvakapera) dzinoda kunzwisiswa zvakanaka, sezvo Chishona chiine nzira dzacho dzekutsanangura nguva yakapfuura yechokwadi (recent past) nenguva yakapfuura yezvakare (remote past). Mushanduri anofanira kusarudza nguva yakakodzera muSpanish inopa mufananidzo wakafanana neweChishona.
Mazano Anobatsira Kune Vanoshandura
Kuti ubudise shanduro yemhando yepamusoro, tevera mazano anotevera paunenge uchishandura kubva kuChishona kuenda kuSpanish:
- Nzwisisa Mutauri weMutauro weKutanga: Nguva dzose tsvaga kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweChishona chinoshandiswa mumagwaro, kusanganisira mitauro yematunhu (dialects) yakadai seKaranga, Zezuru, Manyika, kana Korekore, sezvo mamwe mazwi aine zvirevo zvakasiyana zvichienderana nematunhu.
- Dzidza NezveSubjunctive Mood muSpanish: Sezvo mutauro weSpanish uchishandisa nzira ye subjunctive kutsanangura zvishuwo, kusava nechokwadi, uye manzwiro, mushanduri anofanira kuziva nguva yekuishandisa kana achishandura mashoko eChishona ane zvinangwa zvakafanana (zvakaita sekuti "kuti aite").
- Simbisa Ruzivo rweTsika Dzose: Kushandura hakuperi pakushandura mazwi chete. Dzidza zvakadzama tsika dzeZimbabwe neSpanish kuitira kuti uzive mutsauko wemaitiro anodiwa pakunyora magwaro ane chekuita nekurarama kwevanhu, zvitendero, nemitambo.
- Gadzira Glossaries: Chengetedza mazwi akaoma uye madimikira aunosangana nawo kazhinji pamwe chete neashandurirwo awo akakodzera muSpanish. Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kuenderana (consistency) kwemashoko mumagwaro makuru.
- Vandudza Gwaro reShanduro: Regedza chinyorwa chako chimbomira mushure mekushandura, wozochiverenga zvakare uine pfungwa dzakazorora kuti uone kana mitsetse yacho ichiyerera zvakanaka seSpanish yechisikigo.
Kutevedzera mazano aya nekuongorora zvakadzama zvivakwa zvemitauro yedu miviri kuchaita kuti uve mushanduri ane mukurumbira anokwanisa kuvaka zambuko rine simba pakati penyika dzinotaura Chishona neSpanish. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira zvakanyanya kune vanoita zvebhizimisi, dzidzo, vashanyi, pamwe chete nekuvandudza hukama hwepasi rose kuburikidza nekutaurirana kwakaringana uye kwakajeka.