Kuturikira mitauro ibasa rakakosha zvikuru rinosanganisa vanhu vetsika dzakasiyana pasi rino. Kana tichitarisa kuturikira kubva pamutauro weChishona, unova mutauro weBantu unotaurwa muZimbabwe, kuenda kuchiRomanian, unova mutauro weRomance unotaurwa kuEastern Europe, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoda kucherechedzwa. Mitauro iyi miviri ine midzi yakasiyana zvachose, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekusiyana kukuru kwegirama, mashandisirwo emazwi, netsika dzinotakura zvirevo. Gwaro rino rakagadzirirwa kubatsira vaturikiri nevadzidzi kuti vanzwisise zvakadzama nzira dzokufamba nadzo pakuita basa iri rehunyanzvi.
Girama neMaitiro eMutauro: Zvikwata zveMazita neMhando dzeChirume neChikadzi
Mumutauro weChishona, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha igadziriro yezvikwata zvemazita (noun classes). Mazita eChishona akakamurwa kuita mipanda yakasiyana (kubva pamupanda 1 kusvika pamupanda 21), uye mupanda wega wega une zvivakashure (prefixes) zvinotara chibvumirano mumutsara. Izvi zvakasiyana zvachose nechiRomanian, iro rinoshandisa chirongwa chemhando dzechirume, chikadzi, nechisina kwaakarerekera (masculin, feminin, neutru). Paunenge uchiturikira mashoko kubva kuChishona kuenda kuchiRomanian, haugone kungoenzanisa mipanda yeChishona nemhando dzechiRomanian zvakananga.
Kuti uturikirire nemazvo, unofanirwa kuziva mhando yezita mumutauro wechiRomanian kuitira kuti zvipikiri, zvirevamwene, neimwe midzi yemashoko zvibvumirane. Semuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "mwana" riri mumupanda wekutanga weChishona (vanhu), asi muchiRomanian "copil" izita rerudzi rwechirume (masculin). Kusaziva zvakadzama chibvumirano chemazita muchiRomanian kunogona kuunza matambudziko akakura mukunyorwa kwemitsara.
Mamiriro eMutauro neMataurirwo eMashoko: Zviperengo neMutsetse weMashoko
Chishona nechiRomanian zvinoshandisa zvakare nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzira mitsara (syntax). Kunyange zvazvo mitauro yose miviri ichishandisa kurongeka kwezvivakwa zvemutsara zveChidzidzo-Chito-Chinhu (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO), mutsara wechiRomanian unogona kuve wakasununguka kupfuura weChishona (highly flexible word order). Izvi zvinotadzisa nekuda kwekuti chiRomanian chine mamiriro anoratidza basa rechinhu mumutsara kuburikidza nemhosva (grammatical cases). Saka, nzvimbo yeshoko mumutsara wechiRomanian inogona kuchinjwa kuratidza kusimbisa chiito kana chimwe chinhu pasina kurasa chirevo chegirama.
Uyezve, pakutaura, pane musiyano wezviperengo nemanzwi. Chishona mutauro wemanzwi (tonal language), apo inzwi rinokwira kana kuderera pane rimwe shoko rinogona kushandura zvinoreva shoko zvachose (semuenzaniso: "guru" rinogona kureva danga remombe, kana chimwe chinhu chakakura zvakanyanya). ChiRomanian hachisi mutauro wemanzwi akadaro asi chinoshandisa madudziro akasiyana kune mamwe mavara akadai se"ș" (rinorira se"sh" muChishona), "ț" (rinorira se"ts"), uye "ă" kana "â" (manzwi asina kuenzana mumutauro weChishona). Muturikiri anofanira kuziva musiyano uyu paanenge achitsanangura mazita evanhu kana enzvimbo kuitira kuti zviperengo zvienderane nemataurirwo emutauro wega wega.
Kusiyana Kwezviito neNguva Dzakasiyana (Verb Conjugation and Tenses)
Mutauro weChishona wakapfuma zvikuru nezviito zvinosanganiswa nezvisungo zvakawanda mumutsara (agglutinative language). Muchiito chimwe chete cheChishona, munogona kuve nechiratidziro chenyaya (subject concord), chiratidziro chenguva (tense marker), nechirairiro chechinhu (object concord). Semuenzaniso, muchiito chokuti "ndichakupai", pane "ndi-" (ini), "-cha-" (nguva inouya), "-ku-" (imi), "-pa-" (kupa), uye "-i" (chivakamberi). Mumutauro wechiRomanian, zviito zvinoshandura magumo azvo zvichienderana nemunhu anenge achitaura (verb conjugation), uye mitemo iyi yakaoma zvikuru.
Kusiyana uku kunoreva kuti muturikiri anofanira kungwarira paanenge achitsvaga nguva yezviito yakakodzera. Nguva yakapfuura muChishona inogona kuratidzwa neenzaniso dzakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti zvinhu zvakaitika kare kare kana kuti iye zvino, izvo zvinoda kuenzaniswa nenguva dzakadai se"Imperfect", "Perfect Compus", kana "Mai Mult Ca Perfect" muchiRomanian. Izvi zvinoda kuti muturikiri ave neruzivo rwakadzama rwezvivakwa zvemitauro yose miviri.
Kududzirwa kweTsumo, Madimikira, neTsika dzeChinyakare
Basa rekuturikira harisi rekuchinjanisa mashoko bedzi, asi ndere kuendesa pfungwa netsika kubva kune mumwe mutauro kuenda kune mumwe. Mutauro weChishona une tsumo nemadimikira akawanda anoshandiswa pakutaura kwezuva nezuva kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu. Kududzira tsumo idzi zvakananga (literal translation) kuenda kuchiRomanian kunogona kukonzera kuti mutsara uve usina musoro zvachose kuvaRomanian.
Semuenzaniso, tsumo yokuti "Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda" inoreva kuti munhu mumwe chete haagoni kupedza basa guru ega. Kana ukaishandura shoko nezwi muchiRomanian kuti "Un singur deget nu strivește o păduche", zvinogona kunzwika sezvisinganzwisisiki. Panzvimbo pezvo, muturikiri ane hunyanzvi anotsvaga tsumo yechiRomanian ine zvirevo zvakafanana, zvakadai sokuti "Unde-s mulți, puterea crește" (Pane vakawanda, simba rinokura) kana kuti "O mână spală pe alta" (Ruoko rumwe runoshambidza rumwe) zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Izvi zvinonzi transcreation kana kuti kuturikirwa kwakadzika kwekutevedzera tsika.
Matambudziko Makuru muBasa iri neNzira dzekukurira Nadzo
Rimwe dambudziko guru pakuita basa iri nderekushomeka kwemaduramazwi anobatanidza Chishona nechiRomanian zvakananga. Kakawanda, vaturikiri vanotofanira kushandisa mutauro wechitatu wakadai seChirungu sedambanemavhiri (pivot language). Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ichibatsira, inogona kukonzera kurasika kwezvimwe zvikamu zvemashoko zvinokosha panguva iyo mutsara unopfuura nemutauro wechitatu.
Kuti ukurire matambudziko aya, tevera mazano anotevera:
- Dzivisa Kushandura Shoko neShoko: Ramba uchiyeuka kuti chinangwa ndechekuendesa mweya weshoko kwete zviperengo zvaro. Tarisa chirevo chose chomutsara usati waturikira.
- Dzidza Tsika dzechiRomanian: Kuti unzwisise mashoko anoshandiswa nevanhu vekuRomania, unofanira kunzwisisa mararamiro avo, nhoroondo yavo, uye mafungiro avo.
- Shandisa Michina Yepamberi nekuita Ongororo: Kunyange zvazvo software dzekuturikira dzichibatsira, shandisa ruzivo rwako kururamisa mitsara kuitira kuti inzwike seyakanyorwa nemunhu akaberekerwa mumutauro iwoyo.
Mazano eHunyanzvi Hekugadzira Zvinyorwa Zvinobata Vateereri
Kuti uve muturikiri anodiwa uye anoremekedzwa muindasitiri iyi, unofanirwa kuita zvinotevera pakuita basa rako:
- Verenga Zvinyorwa zvakawanda muchiRomanian neChishona: Izvi zvinokubatsira kuti urambe uchiziva mashoko matsva nemaitiro emazuvano ekunyora mabhuku nekurukurirano dzevanhu.
- Wana Munhu Anotaura chiRomanian Semutauro Wemumba (Native Speaker): Paunopedza kuturikira, zvakanaka kuti upe munhu ane mutauro wake kuti averenge. Anokwanisa kuona kana paine mitsara inorira zvisizvo kana kuti ine tsinhirano isina kururama.
- Chengetedza Ruramiso rweZvakanyorwa (Proofreading): Usamhanyire kutumira basa rako usina kuriverenga zvakare. Zvikanganiso zvidiki zvinogona kushandura zvinoreva mutsara zvachose.
Basa rekuturikira pakati peChishona nechiRomanian ibasa rine mukana mukuru wekukura sezvo hukama hwenyika dzeAfrica neEurope huri kuramba huchisimba munyaya dzekutengeserana, dzidzo, netsika. Nekutevera nzira dzakajeka nekuva nemoyo murefu mukudzidza, unogona kuva muturikiri anobudirira zvikuru.