Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe sizigawana chiyambi, mbiri, kapena chikhalidwe ndichinthu chovuta komanso chosangalatsa kwambiri. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chinenero cha gulu la Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, ndi Zimbabwe, chili ndi kapangidwe kake kake kothandizidwa ndi magulu a mayina (noun classes). Kumbali inayi, Chiwelshi (Welsh kapena Cymraeg) ndi chinenero cha Celtic chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Wales ku United Kingdom, ndipo chimadziwika ndi kapangidwe kake kake, makamaka kasinthidwe ka zilembo zoyambira (consonant mutations) komanso dongosolo la ziganizo la Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko, zovuta, komanso njira zabwino zomwe omasulira angagwiritse ntchito kuti athe kumasulira moyenera kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chiwelshi.
Kusiyana Zigawo za Galamala: SVO ndi VSO
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo ndikusiyana kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la mawu m'ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, dongosolo lathu lili ngati la Chingerezi, lomwe ndi Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Mwachitsanzo: "Mwana (S) alenga (V) chithunzi (O)". Koma mu Chiwelshi, dongosolo la ziganizo nthawi zambiri limakhala Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). Kutanthauza kuti verebu limayamba, kutsatiridwa ndi chinthu chochita (subject), ndiyeno chilandiri cha zochitazo (object). Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo chomwechi chiyenera kulembedwa kuti "Alenga (V) mwana (S) chithunzi (O)" m'Chiwelshi.
Kusinthaku kumafuna kuti womasulira asangotanthauzira mawu kamodzi-kamodzi koma asinthe maganizo ake onse pa kapangidwe ka chiganizo. Ngati womasulira atsatira dongosolo la Chichewa popanga chiganizo cha Chiwelshi, zotsatira zake zidzakhala chiganizo chosamveka komanso chosagwirizana ndi malamulo a chinenerocho. Womasulira aliyense ayenera kukhala katswiri wozindikira komwe verebu liyenera kukhala mu Chiwelshi kuti chiganizo chizimveka bwino kwa olankhula chinenerocho mwachibadwa.
Magulu a Mayina mu Chichewa vs. Kusintha kwa Makonsonanti mu Chiwelshi
Chichewa chili ndi dongosolo lovuta la magulu a mayina (magulu 18 monga Mu-A, M-Mi, Chi-Zi, ndi ena). Magulawa amalamulira mgwirizano wa zigawo zonse za chiganizo, kuphatikizapo maverebu, ma adjectives, ndi malongosoledwe. Mu Chiwelshi, mulibe magulu a mayina a mtundu uwu, koma pali magulu awiri okha a jenda (gender): wamwamuna (masculine) ndi wamkazi (feminine). Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira ayenera kuzindikira jenda ya dzina lililonse mu Chiwelshi kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oyanjana nawo moyenera.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Chiwelshi chili ndi chinthu chotchedwa "Consonant Mutation" (Kusinthasintha kwa makonsonanti oyamba). Zilembo zoyambira za mayina kapena mawu ena zimasintha malinga ndi mawu omwe ali patsogolo pawo kapena malinga ndi jenda ya dzinalo. Pali mitundu inayi ya kusintha kumeneku: soft (meddal), nasal (trwynol), aspirate (llaes), ndi mixed. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "cath" (mphaka) akhoza kusintha kukhala "gath", "ngath", kapena "chath" malinga ndi momwe agwiritsidwira ntchito. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi Chichewa chomwe chimasintha matchulidwe potengera ma prefixes akumayambiriro kwa mawu malinga ndi gulu la mayina. Womasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri ndi malamulawa kuti apewe zolakwika zomwe zingasinthe tanthauzo la chiganizo chonse.
Kulemekeza ndi Kaundula wa Chiyankhulo (Register and Politeness)
Chichewa ndi chinenero chomwe chimalemekeza kwambiri chikhalidwe komanso anthu kudzera m'matchulidwe a mawu. Mwachitsanzo, timagwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe a ulemu pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo monga "bambo mukupita kuti?" m'malo moti "mukupita kuti" kapena kugwiritsa ntchito magulu a mayina aulemu (monga A- m'malo mwa Mu-). Chiwelshi nalonso lili ndi njira yake yosonyezera ulemu potengera ma pronouns. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "ti" pofuna kulankhula ndi munthu m'njira yachinsinsi kapena wamng'ono, pomwe mawu oti "chi" amagwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza ulemu kwa munthu wamkulu kapena gulu la anthu. Omasulira ayenera kukhala maso kuti asunge ulemu womwe uli mu Chichewa pomasulira kupita mu Chiwelshi, kuonetsetsa kuti kaundula wa chiyankhulo sakusokonekera.
Zovuta Zomwe Zimachitika Chifukwa cha Kusowa kwa Madikishonale Otsegula
Palibe madikishonale aulesi kapena odalirika omwe amatha kumasulira mwachindunji kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chiwelshi kapena m'mbuyo mwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira nthawi zambiri amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chachitatu, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala Chingerezi (bridge language). Ndondomeko imeneyi imabweretsa zovuta zake:
- Kutayika kwa Tanthauzo (Loss of Nuance): Chifukwa chakuti mawu akudutsa m'zinenero zitatu (Chichewa -> Chingerezi -> Chiwelshi), tanthauzo loyambirira la Chichewa litha kusokonekera kapena kuchepa mphamvu pofika mu Chiwelshi.
- Kusankha Mawu Abwino: Mawu ena a Chichewa omwe ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri (monga "chisoni" chomwe chingatanthauze sadness, sympathy, kapena regret) angamasuliridwe molakwika mu Chingerezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mu Chiwelshi mufike mawu olakwika kwambiri.
- Nthawi Yatali: Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodutsa pakati kumawonjezera nthawi yomwe womasulira amagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza matanthauzo enieni a mawu.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Chichewa Kupita mu Chiwelshi
Kuti muthe kupanga womasulira wapamwamba komanso wodalirika, pali malangizo angapo omwe muyenera kuwatsatira:
1. Kumvetsetsa Chikhalidwe cha Zinenero Zonse Ziwiri
Kumasulira sikungosintha mawu okha, koma kusamutsa chikhalidwe. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi ndi njira zolankhulira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi moyo wa ku Africa, pomwe Chiwelshi nacho chili ndi mbiri yayitali yolumikizidwa ndi nthano, nyimbo, ndi mapiri a ku Wales. Womasulira ayenera kupeza mawu ofanana mu chikhalidwe cha Chiwelshi omwe angapereke uthenga wofanana ndi womwe uli mu Chichewa m'malo momotolera mawu monga alili.
2. Kusamalira Jenda ndi Kusintha kwa Zilembo (Mutations)
Mukamasulira kupita mu Chiwelshi, onetsetsani kuti mukudziwa bwino jenda ya mayina omwe mukuwagwiritsa ntchito. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mudziwe ngati pakufunika kusintha chilembo choyambirira cha dzinalo. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo a mutations kumapangitsa kuti nkhani yanu iwoneke ngati yamasuliridwa ndi makina kapena munthu yemwe sadziwa chinenerocho.
3. Kumasulira Maganizo, Osati Mawu
M'malo motenga mawu amodzi ndi kupeza nawo mu dikishonale, werengani chiganizo chonse cha Chichewa, mvetsetsani lingaliro lake, ndiyeno lembani lingaliro limenelo mu Chiwelshi pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la VSO. Izi zimathandiza kuti uthenga uziyenda bwino komanso kuonetsetsa kuti chinenerochi chikugwirizana mwachibadwa.
4. Kuchita Ndondomeko ya "Back-Translation"
Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti kumasulira kwanu ndi kolondola, masulirani mawu omwe mwawamasulira kale mu Chiwelshi kubwerera mu Chichewa (kapena mu Chingerezi) pogwiritsa ntchito womasulira wina wosiyana. Ngati uthenga watsopano ukugwirizana ndi uthenga woyambirira, ndiye kuti kumasulira kwanu kwawayenda bwino ndipo kuli kodalirika.
Chidule cha Malamulo Ofunika Kutsatira
Kuti womasulira aliyense apambane pa ntchito imeneyi, ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chophunzira komanso kusanthula momwe zinenerozi zilili. Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kuyenera kukumbukiridwa nthawi zonse:
| Chinthu cha Galamala | Chichewa | Chiwelshi (Welsh) |
|---|---|---|
| Dongosolo la Ziganizo | Subject - Verb - Object (SVO) | Verb - Subject - Object (VSO) |
| Magulu a Mayina / Jenda | Gulu lalikulu la magulu a mayina (Noun Classes 1-18) | Magulu awiri a jenda (Wamwamuna / Wamkazi) |
| Kusintha kwa Mawu | Kusintha kwa ma prefix (kumayambiriro kwa mawu) | Kusinthasintha kwa makonsonanti oyamba (Initial Mutations) |
| Mawu Olowera Pakati | Amagwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes ogwirizana | Amagwiritsa ntchito ma particles apadera (monga 'y', 'yr', 'gwen') |
Kumasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chiwelshi ndondomeko yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu la zilankhulo komanso kumvetsetsa kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zinenerozi. Kudzera mukutsatira malangizowa, omasulira akhoza kuthana ndi zovuta za galamala ndikupereka zomasulira zabwino zomwe zingathandize kulumikiza anthu amiphiri ya ku Wales ndi a m'madambo a ku Malawi.