Isiqondiso Esiphelele Sokuhumusha Kusuka kusiZulu Kuya kusiNepali: Izindlela, Izinselelo Nezindlela Ezingcono
Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingafani neze ngokomlando, ngokwendawo nangokwesiko kuyinselelo enkulu kodwa futhi kuyithuba elihle kakhulu lokuxhumanisa imihlaba emibili ehlukene. IsiZulu, okungolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika ezingaphansi komndeni wezilimi zeBantu, nesiNepali, ulimi olusemthethweni lwaseNepal olungaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Indo-Aryan, zimelele amasiko acebile nemilando emidala. Ngenxa yokwanda kokuxhumana komhlaba wonke, ezenthengiselana, ezokuvakasha kanye nemfundo, isidingo sokuhumusha imibhalo kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiNepali silokhu sikhula njalo. Leli thuba lidinga ukuthi umhumushi abe nolwazi olunzulu hhayi nje kuphela ngamagama, kodwa nangezinhlaka zolimi, amasiko, kanye nezindlela zokubhala zalezi zilimi zombili.
Umehluko Phakathi Kohlelo Lolimi LwesiZulu NolwesiNepali
Inselelo yokuqala neyinhloko lapho uhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiNepali ilele ekwakhekeni kwemisho (word order). IsiZulu sisebenzisa uhlelo lwesakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi i-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), lapho isenzo silandela umenzi, bese kulandela owenziwayo. Isibonelo, emishweni yesiZulu sithi: "Umfana ufundisa intombazane." Lapha, umenzi ngu-"Umfana", isenzo ngu-"ufundisa", kanti owenziwayo ngu-"intombazane".
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiNepali sisebenzisa isakhiwo se-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), lapho isenzo siza ngasekugcineni komusho. Uma umusho ofanayo uhunyushelwa kusiNepali, isakhiwo siba "Umfana intombazane ufundisa". Lolu shintsho ludinga ukuthi umhumushi afunde wonke umusho wesiZulu, awuqonde ngokuphelele, bese ewuhlela kabusha ngokulandela indlela yokukhuluma yesiNepali ukuze umusho uzwakale kahle futhi ungabi ngongakheki kahle ngokohlelo lolimi lwalabo abakhuluma isiNepali kusukela embelekweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiZulu siwulimi oluhlangene kakhulu (agglutinative language), lapho iziqalo (prefixes) neziphambano (suffixes) zisetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhombisa isikhathi, izivumelwano zomlinganiso wamagama (noun classes), nokunye. IsiNepali sona sithembele kakhulu ezinhlakeni zokusiza (postpositions) ezilandela amabizo ukukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagama emusheni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amagama amaningi esiZulu angadinga ukuhlelwa kabusha abe ngamagamana amaningi ahlukene lapho ehunyushelwa kusiNepali.
Isistimu Yokubhala: Kusuka Egameni LaseRoma Kuya Egameni Le-Devanagari
IsiZulu sibhalwa kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesiLatini (Latin alphabet) ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukufunda nokubhala ngekhompyutha. Nokho, isiNepali sibhalwa ngomfanekiso obizwa ngokuthi i-Devanagari (Devanagari script), okuyisistimu yokubhala esetshenziswa nasezilimini ezifana nesiSanskrit nesiHindi. I-Devanagari ibhalwa kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, futhi inezimpawu eziningi ezimele imisindo ehlukene.
Lapho umhumushi ehumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiNepali, kufanele abe nekhono lokusebenzisa amathuluzi okubhala e-Devanagari, azi indlela yokubhala amagama afanele (proper nouns) kanye namagama ezobuchwepheshe angase angabi nawo amahumusho aqondile ngesiNepali. Ukubhalwa kwamagama ngendlela ezwakalayo (transliteration) kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kuguqulwa amagama abantu, izindawo, noma imiqondo ethile yaseNingizimu Afrika eya olimini lwesiNepali.
Amasiko Nengqikithi Yokuxhumana
Ulimi luwumbonisi wesiko lomphakathi. IsiZulu sinothile ngemisho ebonisa inhlonipho (hlonipha), izaga, kanye nezifengqo ezisuselwa empilweni yasemaphandleni, ezifuyweni (ikakhulukazi izinkomo), kanye nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi wamaZulu. Ngendlela efanayo, isiNepali sinezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhombisa inhlonipho (levels of honorifics) ezincike ekutheni ukhuluma nobani - kungaba umuntu omdala, osezingeni eliphezulu emphakathini, noma umngane olingana naye. IsiNepali sinezigaba ezahlukene zokukhuluma ezifana ne-"Tyo" (okungakahlonipheki kakhulu), "Timi" (okumaphakathi), kanye ne-"Tapai" (okuhloniphekile kakhulu).
Uma uhumusha inkulumo esuka kusiZulu iya kusiNepali, kubalulekile ukukhetha izinga elilungile lenhlonipho ngesiNepali. Isibonelo, isenzo sesiZulu esithi "ukukhuluma" singaba nezindlela eziningi ezahlukene ngesiNepali kuye ngokuthi ngubani okhulumayo naye. Ukwehluleka ukubheka lezi zinto kungadala ukuthi umbhalo ogcine uhunyushiwe uzwakale ungenanhlonipho noma ungcolile, okungadala ukungaqondi kahle phakathi kwabafundi baseNepal.
Izindlela Ezingcono Kakhulu Nemikhuba Emihle Kulabo Abahumushayo
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uhumusho lwakho lusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi lunembile, nazi izindlela nemikhuba okufanele uyilandele:
- Qonda Ingqikithi Yomusho: Ungalokothi uhumushe igama negama (literal translation). Uhumusho lwegama negama phakathi kwezilimi zeBantu neze-Indo-Aryan luvame ukuletha imiphumela engacacile nengaqondakali. Hlaziya umqondo jikelele bese uwubhala kabusha ngendlela ezwakala njengolimi lwemvelo kusiNepali.
- Sebenzisa Amathuluzi E-CAT Angcono: Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuhumusha asizwa ngekhompyutha (Computer-Assisted Translation tools) ukuze ugcine ukuhambisana kwamagama (consistency) kumilayezo emide. Amathuluzi afana ne-Trados noma i-Memsource angasiza kakhulu lapho uhlanganisa isichazamazwi sezobuchwepheshe.
- Bheka Isizinda Semikhuba Yasendaweni: Qinisekisa ukuthi uyazazi izindlela zendawo zokubhala izinsuku, izikhathi, izilinganiso, kanye nemali (localization). Isibonelo, eNepal, indlela yokubala izinombolo (lakhs and crores) ihlukile kunaleyo esetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika.
- Hlola Umsebenzi Wakho Ngomhloli WesiNepali: Lapho uqeda ukuhumusha, umbhalo ogcine uhunyushiwe kufanele ubuyekezwe futhi uhlolwe ngomunye umuntu okhuluma isiNepali njengolimi lwakhe lwebele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi konke kugeleza kahle futhi kulandela amasiko abo.
Izeluleko Eziyisihlanu Zokuhumusha Ngempumelelo
Nalu uhlu lwezeluleko ezibalulekile ezingakusiza ukuba ube ngumhumushi ophumelelayo phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili:
- Funda kabanzi ngamasiko omabili: Ukuhumusha akukhona nje kuphela ukwazi amagama, kodwa ukuxhumanisa amasiko. Funda ngesiko lamaZulu kanye nesiko laseNepal ukuze uqonde izincazelo ezifihlakele zamagama.
- Dala isichazamazwi sakho (Glossary): Ngenxa yokuthi akukho zichazamazwi eziningi eziqondile phakathi kwesiZulu nesiNepali, dala isichazamazwi sakho semigomo nezincazelo ezivamile.
- Naka kakhulu uhlelo lwesenzo: Khumbula njalo ukuthi izenzo zesiNepali zivame ukuba sezikhathini ngezindlela eziningi futhi zincike kakhulu kubulili nasesikhundleni somuntu.
- Hlonipha isakhiwo se-Devanagari: Qiniseka ukuthi izinhlamvu zakho ze-Devanagari zibhalwe kahle ngaphandle kwamaphutha wokupela (orthography errors) avamile kubantu abangaqali ukusebenzisa le ndlela yokubhala.
- Zijwayeze njalo ukubhala nokufunda: Ukuhumusha akugcini ngokwazi kuphela kodwa kuncike ekutheni ulokhu uzijwayeza ukufunda imibhalo ehlukahlukene ngazo zombili lezi zilimi, okuhlanganisa izincwadi zezindaba, izincwadi zokufunda, nemibhalo yasemthethweni.
Ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiNepali kuwumsebenzi odinga ukuzinikela, ukubekezela kanye nekhono eliphezulu lokuhlaziya. Lapho umhumushi eqonda umehluko wokwakheka kolimi, amasiko kanye nezindlela zokubhala, ukwazi ukwakha ibhuloho eliqinile elivumela abantu baseNingizimu Afrika nabaseNepal ukuthi baxhumane futhi baqonde izifiso nemibono yabo ngokukhululeka nangokuthula. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela nemikhuba emihle, ungakha imibhalo ehunyushiwe esezingeni lomhlaba ezosiza ekuqhubekeleni phambili kokusebenzisana kulezi zilimi ezimbili ezinhle.