Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe zimachokera m'mabanja osiyana kotheratu monga Chichewa (chinenero cha m'banja la Bantu ku Africa) ndi Chinorway kapena kuti Chinochile (chinenero cha m'banja la Germanic ku Europe) ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu kwambiri. Ntchitoyi si kungosintha mawu kuchokera m'chinenero china kupita m'chinenero china, koma ndikusamutsa mfundo, chikhalidwe, ndi malingaliro kuti omvera atsopano amvetse bwino popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona momwe kumasulira kwa Chichewa kupita ku Norwegian kumagwirira ntchito, zovuta zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo, ndi njira zomwe zingathandize kuti kumasulirako kukhale kwapamwamba komanso kosavuta kuwerenga.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakumasulira Chichewa kupita ku Norwegian ndiko kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka galamala ya zinenero izi. Chichewa ndi chinenero chomwe chimadalira kwambiri magulu a maina (noun classes) ndi ziphatikizo zamawu (agglutination). Pa chifukwa ichi, verebu limasintha malingana ndi gulu la dzina lomwe likukambidwa, ndipo mawu ambiri amaphatikizidwa kukhala chiganizo chimodzi chachitali chogwiritsa ntchito ma matchulidwe (prefixes ndi suffixes).
Kumbali inayi, chinenero cha Norwegian chili ndi galamala yosiyana kwambiri. Ili ndi maina amagulu atatu okha (yamwamuna, yayikazi, ndi yopanda jenda) ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka ziganizo kotsatira dongosolo la V2 (Verb-Second), pomwe verebu limayenera kukhala pamalo achiwiri m'chiganizo chachikulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira sangathe kumasulira chiganizo mawu ndi mawu. Pamafunika kusintha dongosolo lonse la mawu kuti chiganizo cha Norwegian chimveke mwachilengedwe komanso chikwaniritse malamulo a galamala ya chinenerocho.
Magulu a Maina ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mawu
M'Chichewa, tili ndi magulu a maina pafupifupi 18 omwe amawongolera momwe maverebu, ma adjectives, ndi ma viwerengero amagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo choti "Mwana wanga wamng'ono akulira" chidzasintha ngati titi "Ana anga angaang'ono akulira" chifukwa cha kusintha kwa gulu la maina (chimodzi kupita ku zambiri). Kumasulira izi kupita ku Norwegian kumafuna chidwi champhamvu pa momwe maina amagwirira ntchito m'chinenero cholandiriracho.
Mu Norwegian, kusintha kumeneku kumadalira ngati dzina lili m'gulu la mwamuna (hankjønn), mkazi (hunkjønn), kapena lopanda jenda (intetkjønn). Mwachitsanzo, "mwana" mu Norwegian ndi "barn" (lomwe lili m'gulu lopanda jenda), kotero kuti "mwana wanga" amakhala "barnet mitt" kapena "mitt barn". Kusiyana kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti womasulira ayenera kukhala ndi luso lozindikira momwe mawu amagwirizana m'zinenero zonsedzi kuti apewe zolakwika zomwe zingasokoneze owerenga a ku Norway.
Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi (Transcreation)
Kumasulira bwino sikumangolekezera pa galamala yokha, komanso kumakhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zinenerozo. Chikhalidwe cha Chichewa ndi cha ku Malawi komwe kuli miyambi yambiri, kulemekeza akuluakulu, ndi malingaliro a umunthu ("Umutu"). Zinthu izi nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi mawu achindunji m'chinenero cha Norwegian.
Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga "Gule Wamkulu" kapena miyambi monga "M'tsinje wopanda miyala sungamveke mkokomo" sizingamasulidwe mawu ndi mawu kupita ku Norwegian popanda kutaya tanthauzo lakelake kapena kusokoneza owerenga. Apa ndi pamene pakufunika luso la "Transcreation" (kumasulira kotsatira chikhalidwe). Womasulira ayenera kupeza mwambi wa Norwegian womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi mwambi wa Chichewa, kapena kufotokoza mwachidule tanthauzo la mawuwo m'malo moti angowamasulira mwachindunji. Zinthu za chikhalidwe cha ku Norway monga "dugnad" (kuthandizana kwa anthu m'dera) kapena "janteloven" (malamulo osalembedwa a chikhalidwe chosalola kudzikweza) ziyeneranso kumveka bwino kwa omvera a ku Norway ngati zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zolemba.
Kusankha Pakati pa Bokmål ndi Nynorsk
Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chomwe womasulira Chichewa kupita ku Norwegian ayenera kuchiganizira ndi chakuti ku Norway kuli mitundu iwiri ya zinenero zolembedwa zovomerezeka: Bokmål ndi Nynorsk. Bokmål imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu opitilira 85-90% ku Norway, makamaka m'maboma akuluakulu, m'manyuzipepala, komanso pa intaneti. Nynorsk imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera a kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
Musanayambe kumasulira, ndikofunika kufunsa makasitomala anu kapena kudziwa omwe adzaŵerenga nkhaniyo kuti musankhe mtundu woyenera. Nthawi zambiri, kumasulira zolemba zamalonda, zamalamulo, kapena zaukadaulo kumapangidwa m'Chibokmål (Bokmål) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa owerenga ake. Komabe, kumasulira kwina kumatha kupangidwa mu Nynorsk ngati zolembazo zikupita kwa anthu a kumadzulo kwa dziko la Norway.
Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zomasulira Molondola
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira ya Dynamic Equivalence: Omasulira sayenera kumangotsatira galamala ndi mawu amodzi-amodzi. M'malo mwake, azigwiritsa ntchito njira yomasulira malingana ndi tanthauzo lonse la chiganizo kapena ndime (meaning-based translation).
- Kupanga Glossary ya Mawu: Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zambiri zamakono kapena zaukadaulo zilibe mawu achindunji m'Chichewa, ndikofunika kuti womasulira apange mndandanda wa mawu (glossary) kuti zolemba zake zikhale zofanana nthawi zonse.
- Kuwunikanso Zolembedwa ndi Omasulira Ena: Ntchito yomasulira ikatha, ndikofunika kuti munthu wina yemwe amalankhula Norwegian ngati chinenero chake cha amai (native speaker) awunike zolembazo kuti atsimikizire kuti zikumveka bwino komanso zachilengedwe.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zamakono (CAT Tools): Zida monga SDL Trados kapena Memsource zingathandize womasulira kuti azisunga mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kumapangitsa kuti kumasulirako kukhale kogwirizana.
Mapeto
Kumasulira Chichewa kupita ku Norwegian ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lowongolera kusiyana kwa zilankhulo komanso chikhalidwe. Pozindikira kusiyana kwa galamala, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yomasulira chikhalidwe, ndi kusankha mtundu woyenera wa chinenero cha Norwegian, omasulira amatha kupereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri yomwe idzamveke bwino kwa owerenga a ku Norway popanda kutaya kukongola kwa chinenero cha Chichewa.