Kumasulira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri monga Chichewa (chinenero cha mtundu wa Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique) ndi Chiputugizi (chinenero cha mtundu wa Indo-European chomwe ndi chinenero chaboma ku Mozambique, Angola, Brazil, ndi Portugal) kumafuna luso lapamwamba komanso chidziwitso chozama cha zilankhulo zonse ndi mbiri yake. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zamakono, zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo pakusinthana kwa zinenero izi, komanso malangizo othandiza kuti omasulira athe kupereka ntchito yapamwamba komanso yomveka bwino kwa olankhula Chiputugizi.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri pakumasulira Chichewa kupita m'Chiputugizi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka galamala ya zinenero izi. Chichewa ndi chinenero chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) komanso matchulidwe ogwirizana (concordial agreement). Magulu a maina a m'Chichewa amakhudzanso ziganizo zonse, kuphatikizapo maverebu ndi ma adjectives omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi dzinalo.
Kumbali ena, Chiputugizi chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana ya jenda (gender system: masikulin ndi feminini) komanso kuchuluka (singular ndi plural). Kuti womasulira athe kugwira ntchito bwino, ayenera kudziwa momwe angasinthire magulu a maina a Chichewa kupita m'machitidwe a jenda a Chiputugizi popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, dzina loti "mphika" mu Chichewa lili m'gulu la maina la 3 (gulu la "mu-mi"), koma mu Chiputugizi limamasulidwa ngati "panela" yomwe ndi dzina lachikazi (feminine noun) lotenga kalozera wa "a".
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Maverebu ndi Nthawi (Verb Tenses)
Zilankhulo za Chibantu monga Chichewa zimadziwika ndi kamvedwe kake ka maverebu komwe kamasinthidwa ndi masilabo owonjezera (prefixes and suffixes) posonyeza nthawi, kachitidwe, komanso ubale pakati pa ochita ndi ochitiridwa. Nthawi zina, verebu limodzi la Chichewa limatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo lomwe mu Chiputugizi likufunika ziganizo ziwiri kapena zitatu zothandizira.
Chiputugizi chili ndi machitidwe odzaza a maverebu omwe amasintha kwambiri malingana ndi nthawi (pretérito perfecto, pretérito imperfecto, subjuntivo, ndi zina zotero). Omasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri posankha nthawi yoyenera ya verebu mu Chiputugizi kuti iwonetse ndendende cholinga cha wolemba woyambirira mu Chichewa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomasulira ya mawu ndi mawu (word-for-word translation) kungachititse kuti chiganizo cha Chiputugizi chisakhale chachilengedwe kapena chikhale chovuta kuchimva.
Mawu Opanda Ofanana Nawo ndi Kusamutsa Chikhalidwe
Kumasulira sikungopeza mawu ofanana mu dikishonare; ndi kumasulira chikhalidwe kuchokera ku mudzi wina kupita ku wina. M'Chichewa muli mawu ambiri omwe ali ndi mizu yozama mu chikhalidwe cha chiMalawi kapena cha Chibantu omwe alibe mawu ofanana nawo achindunji mu Chiputugizi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga "chikhulupiriro", "ufulu", kapena miyambi yosiyanasiyana ya Chichewa imafuna kuti womasulira agwiritse ntchito njira ya 'localization' kapena kufotokoza tanthauzo lake m'malo momasulira mawuwo mwachindunji.
Pamasulidwe a miyambi kapena nthano, womasulira ayenera kufufuza ngati mu Chiputugizi muli mwambi wofanana womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofana, m'malo momasulira mwambi wa Chichewa mwachindunji. Izi zimathandiza kuti owerenga a Chiputugizi amve uthengawo m'njira yomwe amazolowera m'chikhalidwe chawo.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chiputugizi
- Nthawi zonse ganizirani omwe muwamasulire (Target Audience): Chiputugizi chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Mozambique (Português Moçambicano) chili ndi zosiyana pang'ono ndi chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Brazil kapena ku Portugal. Ngati ntchitoyo ikupita kwa owerenga a ku Mozambique (yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi olankhula Chichewa chifukwa cha malire), zitha kukhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ena amderalo omwe amadziwika nawo chifukwa cha ubale wa mayikowa.
- Pezani ndikusanthula nkhani yonse (Context): Musamasulire ziganizo modzi-modzi popanda kumvetsetsa nkhani yonse ya chikalatacho. Izvi zimathandiza kupewa kusokoneza tanthauzo chifukwa cha mawu omwe ali ndi matanthauzo oposa limodzi.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zida zamakono zomasulira (CAT Tools): Mapulogalamu monga SDL Trados, MemoQ kapena Smartcat amathandiza kusunga matchulidwe ogwirizana (terminology consistency) pa zolemba zazikulu, komanso kumapulumutsa nthawi.
- Werenganinso ndikukonza zolakwika (Proofreading): Mukamaliza kumasulira, lolani kuti munthu wina yemwe amalankhula Chiputugizi ngati chinenero chake chobadwa nacho (native speaker) awonenso ntchitoyo kuti atsimikize kuti ikuyenda bwino komanso ilibe zolakwika za galamala.
Kugwirizana kwa Malire ndi Chiyambukiro cha Chiputugizi ku Mozambique
Chifukwa chakuti mayiko a Malawi (kumene Chichewa chimalankhulidwa kwambiri) ndi Mozambique (kumene Chiputugizi ndi chinenero cha boma komanso chimalankhulidwa limodzi ndi ziwalo zina za Chibantu monga Chinyanja/Chichewa kumpoto kwa dzikolo) amagawana malire aakulu, pali ubale wapafupi pakati pa zinenero izi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti omasulira ambiri m'derali ali ndi mwayi wamphamvu womvetsetsa bwino zinenero zonse ziwirizi chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwa anthu m'malire.
Popanga masulidwe a zinenero izi, ndikofunikanso kuzindikira kuti kumpoto kwa Mozambique, anthu ambiri amalankhula Chichewa (chomwe nthawi zina chimatchedwa Chinyanja kumeneko) komanso Chiputugizi. Izi zimapereka mwayi wapadera wopanga zomasulira zosavuta kumva zomwe zimagwirizanitsa anthu amayiko awiriwa pa nkhani za malonda, maphunziro, ndi chitukuko chomwe chikubwera m'derali.
Kutsiliza ndi Chidule cha Njira Zabwino Kwambiri
Kumasulira bwino kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chiputugizi kumafuna kupitirira kudziwa galamala chabe; kumafuna chidwi cha chikhalidwe, chidziwitso cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu m'maderalo, komanso kudzipereka pofuna kufikitsa uthenga weniweni. Omasulira omwe amatsatira malangizo omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa amatha kupereka zotsatira zabwino zomwe zimalimbikitsa kumvetsetsana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa olankhula Chichewa ndi Chiputugizi padziko lonse lapansi.