Kushandurwa kwemashoko nemagwaro kubva pamutauro weChishona kuenda kuchiKannada (mutauro mukuru unotaurwa munharaunda yeKarnataka kuIndia) ibasa riri kuramba richikura nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehukama hwekutengeserana netsika pakati penyika dzeAfrica neIndia. Kunyange zvazvo mitauro iyi miviri yakaparadzana zvakanyanya pamepu yepasi rose, kuongorora mashandiro ayo kunoratidza matambudziko akasiyana-siyana uye mikana yakakura kune avo vanoita basa renyanzvi dzekushandura. Kugona kushandura Chishona kuenda kuchiKannada hakudi chete kuziva mashoko, asi kunoda nzwisiso yakadzama yegirama, tsika, uye madimikira akavakirwa munhoroondo dzevanhu vanotaura mitauro iyi.
Kuti tinzwisise zvakajeka maitiro eshanduro iyi, tinofanira kutanga taongorora midzi yemitauro iyi. Chishona mutauro wechiBantu unowanikwa mumhuri huru yeNiger-Congo, uine chimiro chakasimba chezvikwata zvemazita (noun classes) uye kuwirirana kwezvivakiso (agglutinative prefix system). Kune rumwe rutivi, chiKannada mutauro wemhuri yeDravidian, inova imwe yemhuri dzekare dzemitauro kuSouth Asia. Chimiro chechiKannada chakavakirwa pamapikisi (suffixes) akasungirirwa kumagumo emazwi nemashoko, uye chinoshandisa zvakanyanya matonho enyaya (noun cases) kuratidza hukama huri pakati pemashoko muchirevo. Musiyano mukuru uyu pakati pekuvaka mutauro nezvikomberedzo zvepamberi (prefixes) muchiShona nemapikisi ekumashure (suffixes) muchiKannada unopa vashanduri basa rakakura rekugadzirisa pfungwa.
Kubva paSVO kuenda paSOV: Muvakiro weZvirevo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinotariswa nemushanduri weChishona nechiKannada ndiko kushandurwa kwechimiro chechirevo. Muchishona, tinotevera chimiro cheSubject-Verb-Object (SVO). Semuenzaniso: "Mufundisi akaverenga bhuku." Pano, "Mufundisi" ndiye anoita basa (Subject), "akaverenga" chiito (Verb), uye "bhuku" ndicho chaitwa (Object). Zvisinei, muchiKannada, chimiro chemutauro ndecheSubject-Object-Verb (SOV). Saka, chirevo chimwe chete ichi chinofanira kurongwa patsva kuti chive: "Mufundisi bhuku akaverenga." (MuchiKannada: "Upadhyayaru pustakavannu odidaru").
Kugadziriswa uku kwezvikamu zvezvirevo hakusi nyore kana magwaro anoda kushandurwa aine zvirevo zvakareba uye zvine zviperengo zvakaoma zvakaita sezvisarudzo, zvisungamutauro, uye zvirevo zvakarukwa. Vashanduri vanofanira kungwarira kuti vasatore muvakiro weChishona ndokuupinza muchiKannada sezvazviri, nekuti izvi zvinoita kuti shanduro yacho isanzwisisike zvachose kana kuti iite seyakagadzirwa nemuchina usina njere.
Zvikwata zveMazita zveChishona uye Matonho eMazita (Cases) muchiKannada
Chishona chine zvikwata zvemazita zvinopfuura gumi nemashanu, izvo zvinodzora zvisungo zvose muchirevo kubva pamazita, zvipauro, zvirevamwene, kusvika pazviito. Izvi zvinoita kuti mutauro uyu uve nekugona kukurumidza kuratidza hukama hwemashoko pasina kushandisa mamwe mazwi akazvimirira. Kune rumwe rutivi, chiKannada hachina zvikwata zvemazita zvakawanda zvakadaro zvakavakirwa pazvikamu zveupenyu kana chimiro, asi chinoshandisa zvikwata zvitatu zvechikadzi, chikomana, uye chisina mweya zvinoenderana neupenyu hwechokwadi (natural gender). Kupfuura izvi, hukama hwemazita muchiKannada hunoratidzwa kuburikidza ne "Vibhakti Pratyaya" (case markers or endings) akadai nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, uye vocative.
Mushanduri paanosangana nemutsara weChishona une zvisungo zvakawanda zvemugariro (semuenzaniso, mune zvikwata zvakaita seChikwata 7 chine mazwi akaita se "chigaro" kana "chingwa"), anofanira kuziva kuti muchiKannada mazwi aya anowira pasi pechikwata che "chisina mweya" (neuter) uye zvivakiso zvose zvinofanira kutora magumo akakodzera emutonho wenyaya zvinoenderana nekuti izwi racho riri kuita basa rei muchirevo. Izvi zvinoda kuti mushanduri aite ongororo yakadzama yebasa remazita asati atanga kunyora.
Kuremekedza neTsika: Zvivakiso zveKuremekedza muMitauro Yese
Zvose Chishona nechiKannada zvinobva mutsika dzinokoshesa zvikuru kuremekedza vakuru, vatungamiri, nevanhu vatsva. Muchishona, kuremekedza kunoratidzwa nekushandisa chimiro chekuwanda (plurals). Semuenzaniso, patinoti "Vanouya" pachinzvimbo chekuti "anouya" patinenge tichitaura nemunhu mukuru, kana kuti kushandisa zvitsigiso zvakaita sekuti "Vamwe" (semuenzaniso, "Baba vaChipo").
MuchiKannada, kuremekedza kune maitiro akafanana asi zvakare kune mamwe akasiyana zvakadzama. Vanoshandisa mapikisi anoremekedza akadai sekuti "-aru" pazviito nemazita emadzimambo kana vakuru (semuenzaniso, "Avaru bandaru" zvinoreva kuti "Vanouya" vachitsanangura munhu mumwe chete anoremekedzeka). Uyezve, vanowedzera pikisi inonzi "-ri" kumagumo emazita kana zvirevo (semutauro wekuti "baba-ri" kana "upadhyaya-ri"). Mushanduri anofanira kuona kuti kuremekedza kuri mumutsara weChishona kunochengetedzwa uye kunoshandurwa kuenda muchimiro chakakodzera chechiKannada pasina kurasa mwero wechiremera kana kuremekedza kwakakodzera.
Kuturikirwa kweMadimikira netsumo dzeChishona kuenda kuchiKannada
Madimikira netsumo zvinopa upenyu nemavara kumutauro, asi ndiwo anonyanya kunetsa pakushandura. Tsumo dzeChishona dzakawanda dzakavakirwa panyika yeAfrica, kurima, neupenyu hwemhuka dzesango (semuenzaniso: "Kugara nhaka kuona dzevamwe" kana kuti "Mwana washe muranda kumwe"). Kana mushanduri akaedza kushandura tsumo idzi izwi nezwi (literal translation) kuenda kuchiKannada, dzinenge dzisisina musoro zvachose kune muverengi wechiKannada.
Pane kudaro, mushanduri ane ruzivo anotsvaga tsumo yechiKannada ine zvirevo zvakafanana kana kuti dzidziso yakafanana yekurarama. Semuenzaniso, tsumo yeChishona inotaura nezvekushanda nesimba kana kutsungirira inofanira kuwanirwa tsumo yechiKannada yakavakirwa pachimiro cheupenyu hwemuminda yeIndia kana zvinyorwa zvetsika dzechiHindu (zvakaita seVedas kana nhoroondo dzechiDravidian). Kana tsumo yakafanana isipo, mushanduri anofanira kutsanangura zvinoreva tsumo yacho nenzira iri nyore kunzwisisa pasina kurasa chirevo chepakutanga.
Dambudziko reMutauro wePakati (Pivot Language Mapping)
Rimwe dambudziko guru rinosangana nevashanduri vemitauro iyi ibasa rekushandisa mutauro wechiRungu se "pivot". Sezvo pasina maduramazwi akazara eChishona-Kannada akagadzirwa zvakananga, vashanduri vanowanzo shandura Chishona kuenda muchiRungu chekutanga, vozoti kubva muchiRungu kuenda muchiKannada. Nzira iyi ine njodzi yekuti zvinoreva mutauro wemavambo (Chishona) zvinogona kurasika munzira. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti chiRungu hachina zvimiro zvakawanda zvegirama netsika zvinowanikwa muchiShona nemuchiKannada. Nekudaro, vashanduri vanokurudzirwa kuita ongororo yakadzama yezviperengo uye kudzivirira kuvimba zvakanyanya neshanduro dzemuchina dzechiRungu dzinogona kukanganisa mweya neupenyu hwemutauro.
Mazano Anobatsira Vashanduri Professional veChishona nechiKannada
Kuti ubudirire mubasa iri rine unyanzvi hwakadzama, tevera mazano anotevera:
- Kudzidza Tsika Mutsika: Usangodzidza mutauro chete, dzidzawo magariro, nhoroondo, nemaitiro evanhu vanotaura mitauro yese iri miviri. Izvi zvinokubatsira kunzwisisa mweya wezvinotaurwa.
- Kushandisa Transcreation: Dzimwe nguva kushandura hakuna kukwana; unofanira kuita chinonzi "transcreation" - kureva kunyora patsva pfungwa muchiKannada kuitira kuti inzwike semutauro wakabvaruka ipapo, kwete wakashandurwa kubva kune mumwe mutauro.
- Kuumba Maduramazwi Eako pachako: Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvekushandura zvakananga zviri zvishoma, vashanduri vanofanira kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvemashoko (glossaries) madimikira anowanzoshandiswa kuti vaone kuwirirana kwezvinyorwa zvavo.
- Kubatana neVatauri veMuno: Gara uine nyanzvi yemuIndia inotaura chiKannada semutauro wayo wemuno (native speaker) kuti iongorore gwaro rako rekupedzisira (proofreading) kuitira kuona kuti mutauro wacho uri kuyerera zvakanaka.