Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezivela emindenini ehlukene ngokuphelele yezilimi kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu nezijabulisa kakhulu emkhakheni wezifundo zezilimi. Ulimi lwesiZulu, olungolunye lwezilimi zomndeni wamaBantu (Bantu language family), luyaziwa ngesakhiwo salo esiyingqayizivele sokunamathisela (agglutinative structure). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiJalimane (German), esiyingxenye yomndeni wezilimi ze-Indo-European, sisebenzisa isakhiwo esihlanganisa imithetho ezinzile yokuguquguquka kwamagama (inflective/fusional language). Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukuhlaziya kabanzi izindlela, amathiphu, nezinselelo ezivelayo lapho kuhunyushwa okuqukethwe kusukela kusiZulu kuya kusiJalimane, unikeza abahumushi ulwazi olunzulu lokwenza umsebenzi wabo ngobuchule obuphezulu.
Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Sezilimi Zombili: Agglutination vs. Inflection
Ukuze umhumushi akwazi ukuhumusha kahle imibhalo esuka kusiZulu iya kusiJalimane, kufanele aqonde umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezakhiwo zalezi zilimi. IsiZulu siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu iziqalo (prefixes) nezijobelelo (suffixes) ukwakha amagama amasha noma ukukhombisa ubudlelwano bomthetho wolimi. Amabizo esiZulu ahlukaniswe ngezigaba zamabizo (noun classes) ezilawula ukuvumelana kwayo yonke ingxenye yomusho (concordial agreement). Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo, isichasiso, nesibanjalo konke kufanele kuvumelane nesigaba sebizo eliyinhloko yomusho.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isiJalimane sisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-declension ne-conjugation lapho ukuphela kwamagama (word endings) kuguquka kuye ngesikhundla segama emushweni (cases: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive) kanye nobulili bomthetho wolimi (masculine, feminine, neuter). Lapho uhumusha usuka kusiZulu uya kusiJalimane, kufanele ugcwalise lezi zikhala zomthetho wolimi ngokucophelela. Isibonelo, isivumelwano sikamamezala noma isiqalo somenzi kusiZulu kumele sihunyushelwe kwisiJalimane sisebenzisa izindatshana ezifanele (der, die, das) kanye nokugotshwa kwesenzo okuyikho (verb conjugation).
Ukuvumelana Kwezakhiwo Zomusho Nesyntax
Enye yezindawo ezidinga ukunakwa kakhulu yisikhundla samagama emushweni (word order). Nakuba isiZulu silandela kakhulu isakhiwo esijwayelekile se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), isiJalimane sinemithetho eqinile kodwa eguquguqukayo yendawo yesenzo (V2 rule in main clauses). Emigqeni eyinhloko yesiJalimane, isenzo esihlanganisiwe kufanele sihlale sisezingeni lesibili, kanti emishweni engaphansi (subordinate clauses), isenzo siyalelwa ukuba siye ekugcineni komusho.
Lokhu kudinga ukuba umhumushi angagcini ngokuhumusha igama negama. Umhumushi osebenzayo kufanele afunde umusho wesiZulu uwonke, aqonde umqondo wawo, bese ewakha kabusha ngesiJalimane elandela imithetho ye-syntax yalesi siJalimane. Uma kwenziwa ukuhumusha okungaqondile ngaphandle kokuhlela kabusha isakhiwo, umphumela ungaba umbhalo ongazwakali kahle noma ongaqondakali neze kubafundi bomdabu besiJalimane.
Izinselelo Zamabizo Nezigaba Zokusetshenziswa Kwezilimi
IsiZulu sinezigaba zamabizo ezingaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu, ezisiza ekuhleleni izinto, abantu, izilwane, nezinye izinto ezingaphatheki. IsiJalimane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zobulili bokusetshenziswa kwesigaba sebizo (Grammatical Gender): ubulili besilisa (Maskulinum), ubulili besifazane (Femininum), kanye nobulili obuphakathi (Neutrum). Izinselelo zivela lapho amabizo esiZulu angathathi ubulili obufanayo kusiJalimane.
Isibonelo, amagama esiZulu achaza izinto ezithile zendalo njengokuthi "ilanga" (isigaba 5) kumele ahunyushwe ngesiJalimane ngokuthi "die Sonne" (okungesifazane kusiJalimane), kanti "inyanga" (isigaba 9) ihunyushwa ngokuthi "der Mond" (okungesilisa kusiJalimane). Abahumushi kufanele babe nolwazi olunzulu lwemithetho yamabizo esiJalimane ukuze bagweme amaphutha abalulekile okusebenzisa izindatshana ezingafanele (articles) ezindaweni ezingafanele.
Inselelo Yesiko Nezokuhumusha Ngobuchule (Transcreation)
Ulimi luwumbonisi wesiko lomphakathi. IsiZulu siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izaga, izisho, nezincazelo ezijulile ezihlobene nemikhuba yendabuko yamaZulu, inhlonipho (ubuntu), kanye nempilo yasemaphandleni. IsiJalimane, nakuba sicebile ngendlela efanayo, siphila emhlabeni wesiko laseYurophu elihlukene kakhulu nesiko lethu lase-Afrika.
Lapho uhlangana nezinkulumo ezifana nokuthi "ukushaya utshani" noma "ukukhahlela ibhande", umhumushi akakwazi ukuhumusha lezi zinhlamvu ngokoqobo kusiJalimane (lokho kungadala ukudideka okukhulu). Esikhundleni salokho, kudingeka ukufuna izinkulumo ezilinganayo (idiomatic equivalents) ngesiJalimane ezinikeza umqondo ofanayo. Uma engekho amagama afanayo ncamashi, umhumushi kufanele asebenzise indlela yokuhumusha incazelo (descriptive translation) noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo (adaptation) ukuze umbhalo ugcine umqondo wawo wokuqala ngendlela ehambisana nesiko lomfundi wesiJalimane.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Abahumushi BesiZulu Kuya KusiJalimane
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha uhlangabezana namazinga aphezulu omhlaba, nazi izeluleko ezibalulekile okufanele uzilandele lapho wenza lezi zinguquko:
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Igama Negama: Hlaziya umusho wonke noma indima yonke ukuze uthole umqondo ophelele ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukubhala ngolunye ulimi. Lokhu kusiza ekugcineni ukugeleza kwemibono.
- Gcina Ithoni Efanele: Okuqukethwe kudinga ithoni ehambisanayo. Uma umbhalo wokuqala wesiZulu ungowesikole, owesayensi, noma owomthetho, umphumela wesiJalimane nawo kumele ubonise lelo zinga lokuhlonipha nokusebenzisa amagama afanele omsebenzi.
- Sebenzisa Izichazamazwi Nezincwadi Zemithombo Ethembekile: Hlala unamathuluzi amahle kakhulu afana ezichazamazwi ezikhethekile zolimi lwezindlela zokusebenza, izichazamazwi zezisho nezingathekiso, kanye nezinqolobane zolwazi (corpora) ezikhombisa ukuthi amagama asetshenziswa kanjani ngokwemvelo.
- Ukubuyekeza Okunzulu (Proofreading): Ngemva kokuphothula ukuhumusha, buyekeza umbhalo wesiJalimane ngokucophelela. Kungcono nakakhulu ukuba umbhalo ufundwe ngomunye umhumushi okhuluma isiJalimane njengolimi lwakhe lwebele ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi yonke into ihamba ngokushelela.
Ukubaluleka Kokusebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Bezilimi
Esikhathini sanamuhla, abahumushi abangochwepheshe basebenzisa amathuluzi okuhumusha asizwa ngekhompiyutha (CAT tools) afana ne-Trados, memoQ, noma i-Phrase. La mathuluzi asiza ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kwamagama (terminology consistency) ngokwakha ama-translation memories (TM) namadatha amagama (termbases). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kuhunyushwa imibhalo emikhulu njengamabhukwana ezobuchwepheshe, imibhalo yezomthetho, noma izinkombandlela zewebhu, lapho amagama athile kumele ahunyushwe ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umbhalo.
Sengiphetha, ukuhumusha kusukela kusiZulu kuya kusiJalimane kudinga okungaphezu nje kokwazi amagama ezilimi zombili. Kudinga ukuqonda okujulile komthetho wolimi, isakhiwo semisho, umehluko wesiko, kanye nekhono lokwakha kabusha imiyalezo ngendlela efanele nenenjongo. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela nezindlela zokusebenza, abahumushi bangakwazi ukuvala igebe phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili ezinhle, benze okuqukethwe kutholakale kubafundi abasha ngendlela ecacile nenembile.