Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulo zomwe sizogwirizana mwamtundu kapena mbiri yakale ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa pamaphunziro a zilankhulo. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha m'banja la Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, chili ndi kapangidwe kake kapadera. Chisinhala (Sinhala), chilankhulo cha m'banja la Indo-Aryan chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu ambiri ku Sri Lanka, chili ndi kalembedwe ndi kamvekedwe kake. Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisinhala sikutanthauza kungosintha mawu wamba, koma ndikusamutsa maganizo, chikhalidwe, ndi nzeru zakumaloko kupita ku chikhalidwe china kotheratu.
1. Kusiyana kwa Dongosolo la Ziganizo: SVO ndi SOV
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyamba zomwe womasulira aliyense ayenera kuzizindikira ndicho kusiyana kwa dongosolo la kapangidwe ka ziganizo pakati pa zilankhulo ziwirizi. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiganizo chodziwika bwino chimayamba ndi mchitani (subject), n'kutsatiridwa ndi chitani (verb), ndipo chimamaliza ndi chitaniwa (object). Mwachitsanzo:
Chichewa: "Mlimi akudzala chimanga." (S: Mlimi, V: akudzala, O: chimanga)
Koma m'Chisinhala, dongosolo limene amagwiritsa ntchito ndi la SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Izi zikutanthauza kuti chitani (verb) chimabwera kumapeto kwa chiganizo. Zotsatira zake, chiganizo chomwecho chikamasuliridwa m'Chisinhala chiyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo lofana ndi "Mlimi chimanga akudzala":
Chisinhala: "ගොවියා බඩඉරිඟු වගා කරයි" (Goviyā baḍa'iringu vagā karayi) - kumene (Goviyā = Mlimi, baḍa'iringu = chimanga, vagā karayi = akudzala/akuchita ulimi).
Womasulira akuyenera kukhala wosamalira kwambiri kuti asatengere dongosolo la Chichewa popanga ziganizo za Chisinhala, chifukwa kuchita izi kumapangitsa kuti chiganizochi chisakhale chomveka komanso chiwoneke ngati chachilendo kwa anthu olankhula Chisinhala ngati chilankhulo chawo choyamba.
2. Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes) m'Chichewa ndi Mathero a Maina (Inflections) m'Chisinhala
Chichewa chimadziwika bwino ndi dongosolo lake la magulu a maina (noun classes). Maguluchi amatsogolera mgwirizano wamawu onse m'chiganizo (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, ngati dzina lili m'gulu la kachimodzi monga "munthu", verebu lidzakhala ndi zoyambira monga "a-" (Munthu akuyenda). Ngati lili m'gulu la zinthu monga "chinthu", zoyambira zake zidzakhala "chi-" (Chinthu chikugwa).
Koma m'Chisinhala, dongosolo limeneli siligwira ntchito m'njira yofananayi. M'malo mwake, Chisinhala chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lovuta la mathero a maina (noun inflections) omwe amsonyeza ngati chinthucho ndi chamoyo (animate) kapena chopanda moyo (inanimate), komanso kachimodzi (singular) kapena kuchuluka (plural), komanso ma case osiyanasiyana (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, locative). Mwachitsanzo:
- Chinthu chamoyo: "minisā" (munthu), "minissu" (anthu).
- Chopanda moyo: "potad" (buku), "pot" (mabuku).
Mukamasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa, womasulira ayenera kuzindikira ngati dzina lomwe akulimasuliralo likuimira chinthu chamoyo kapena chopanda moyo, ndipo ayenera kusankha mathero a dzina loyenera m'Chisinhala kuti agwirizane ndi kalozera wa galamala ya Chisinhala.
3. Kusintha kwa Registers ndi Digiri ya Ulemu (Politeness Levels)
Kusiyana kwina kwakukulu komwe kumasokoneza omasulira ambiri kuli pa registers kapena misinkhu ya ulemu m'zilankhulizi. Ngakhale kuti Chichewa chili ndi njira zosonyezera ulemu (monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "inzo", "bambo", "mayi" kapena mawu amodzi aulemu), Chisinhala chili ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri la magawo a ulemu omwe amaonekera m'maverebu komanso m'matchulidwe a anthu (pronouns).
M'Chisinhala, pali misinkhu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito mawu malingana ndi yemwe mukulankhula naye kapena yemwe mukumulemba:
- Ulemu Waukulu (Formal/Honorific): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polembera akuluakulu a boma, aphunzitsi, azibusa/amonke (monks), kapena anthu olemekezeka.
- Ulemu Wamba (Standard/Polite): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa anthu odziwana bwino koma osasowedzana ulemu, kapena pa zokambirana zamalonda.
- Wosakhala wa Ulemu (Informal/Colloquial): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa anzanu kapena achibale apafupi kwambiri.
Kusamalira izi pakumasulira ndikofunika chifukwa ngati mutamasulira chiganizo chodziwika bwino cha Chichewa chomwe chimalankhula za munthu wolemekezeka koma n'kugwiritsa ntchito mawu wamba kapena osakhala a ulemu m'Chisinhala, zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chipongwe chachikulu kwa owerenga a ku Sri Lanka.
4. Miyambi, Mafotokozedwe a Chikhalidwe, ndi Transcreation
Chilankhulo chilichonse chili ndi miyambi ndi njira zolankhulira zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ake. Chichewa chili ndi miyambi yambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthengo, nyama, ndi moyo wa kumidzi ku Malawi. Chisinhala nachonso chili ndi miyambi yambiri (Pramana) yomwe imagwirizana ndi moyo wa ku Sri Lanka, mbiri ya Chibuda, ndi ulimi wa mpunga.
Kumasulira miyambi ndi mafotokozedwe achikhalidwe mwachindunji (literal translation) kungasokoneze tanthauzo lonse la uthenga. Izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira ya transcreation (kumasulira komwe kumasintha mawu koma kumasamalira tanthauzo ndi mzimu wa uthengayo) ikhale yofunika kwambiri. Zitsanzo za momwe tingachitire izi:
- Mwambi wa Chichewa wakuti "Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe" uli ndi tanthauzo loti mgwirizano ndi wofunika kuti ntchito yovuta ithe. M' Chisinhala, womasulira asamasulire za nsabwe kapena zala, koma apeze mwambi wofanana nawo monga "Eka athakin aputu gahanna baha" (Sizingatheke kuwomba mmanja ndi dzanja limodzi) kapena kufotokoza tanthauzo lake mwachindunji m'njira yomveka bwino.
- Mawu okhhudza zakudya monga "nsima" kapena "kondowole" sangathe kumasuliridwa mwachindunji chifukwa ku Sri Lanka kulibe zakudya zimenezi. Womasulira akhoza kusunga mawu oti "nsima" ndipo kenako nkupereka tsatanetsatane wa mawuwo (monga chakudya chopangidwa ndi ufa wa chimanga chomwe chimaoneka ngati phala lolimba) kuti wowerenga wa Chisinhala amvetse.
5. Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Chichewa Kupita m'Chisinhala
Kuti mutsimikizire kuti ntchito yanu yamasulidwe ili pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso ikutsimikizira kulondola kwa zinthu zonse, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Chitani Kafukufuku wa Mawu Apadera (Terminology Research): Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare odalirika ndipo pangani mndandanda wamawu omwe ali ovuta kuti muzitha kuwagwiritsa ntchito mofanana munkhani yonse.
- Samalirani Kulembedwa kwa Mawu a Dzina (Transliteration): Chifukwa chakuti Chisinhala chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zake zapadera (Sinhala script), maina a anthu kapena malo a ku Malawi ayenera kulembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe achilengedwe a Chisinhala. Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti "Lilongwe" liyenera kulembedwa m'njira yoti wowerenga wa Chisinhala athe kulitchula bwino ngati "ලිලොන්ග්වේ".
- Werenganinso Ntchito Yanu (Proofreading): Nthawi zonse muzipempha munthu yemwe amalankhula Chisinhala ngati chilankhulo chake choyamba (native speaker) kuti awonenso zomwe mwamasulira. Izi zimathandiza kupeza zolakwika za galamala zomwe womasulira yemwe sakhala mbadwa sangathe kuziona mosavuta.
- Mvetsetsani Context ya Nkhaniyo: Musanambe kumasulira chiganizo, werengani ndime yonse kuti mumvetse cholinga cha wolemba woyamba. Izi zimathandiza kusankha mawu oyenera ndikugwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe kamene kali koyenera pa nkhaniyo (kaya ndi nkhani ya nkhani za boma, za sayansi, kapena zosangalatsa).
Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisinhala ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu, chipiriro, komanso kumvetsetsa kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu a m'madera onsewa. Mukamatsatira njira zoyenera za galamala ndi chikhalidwe, mumapereka uthenga wosavuta kumva ndipo mumamanga mlatho wolimba woyankhulirana pakati pa zilankhulo ziwirizi.