Kumasulira pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiswidishi (Swedish) ndi umodzi mwa mwayi wosangalatsa koma wovuta kwambiri masiku ano. Zilankhulozi zimachokera m'mabanja osiyana kwambiri a zilankhulo ndipo zili ndi mbiri yosiyana ya chikhalidwe ndi galamala. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha Bantu choyankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, ndi chilankhulo cha agglutinative (chogwirizanitsa mawu). Chiswidishi, chomwe ndi chilankhulo cha North Germanic chomwe chimayankhulidwa ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni khumi ku Sweden ndi mbali za Finland, ndi chilankhulo chokhala ndi kapangidwe kosiyana kotheratu. Bukhuli likufotokoza mozama ndondomeko, zovuta, komanso njira zabwino zomwe womasulira angagwiritse ntchito kuti apereke zomasulira zachibadwidwe, zomveka bwino, komanso zolondola.
Chifukwa Chiyani Kumasulira Chichewa Kupita ku Chiswidishi Kuli Kofunika Masiku Ano?
Kukula kwa mgwirizano wadziko lonse kudzera pamaneti, maphunziro a pamwamba, ndi mabungwe othandizira anthu kukupangitsa kuti kufunika kwa kumasulira Chichewa kupita ku Chiswidishi kukule kwambiri. Sweden yakhala dziko lothandiza kwambiri m'mapulojekiti otukula madera ambiri ku Malawi ndi mayiko ena oyandikana nawo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhalike kufunika kothandiza anthu a ku Sweden komanso a ku Malawi kumvetsetsana popanda chopinga cha chilankhulo. Zolemba za malamulo, mapangano a mayiko, malipoti a kafukufuku, komanso mabuku a maphunziro azaumoyo ndi zitsanzo chabe za zolemba zomwe zimafunika kumasuliridwa nthawi zonse.
Koma kumasulira kwabwino sikutanthauza kusintha mawu mwachindunji (literal translation). Izi ndichifukwa choti kapangidwe ka chilankhulo chilichose kamakhala kodzaza ndi miyambo, kaganizidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula chilankhulochi. Choncho, kumasulira molondola kumafuna kuti womasulira azimvetsetsa bwino zigawo zonse ziwiri za chikhalidwe ndi zilankhulozi.
Kusiyana kwa Galamala ndi Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo
Kuti womasulira apambane pakusinthana pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chiswidishi, pali zovuta za galamala zomwe ayenera kuzizindikira bwino komanso kuzigonjetsa. Kusiyana kumeneku kulipo pa magulu a maina, kapangidwe ka verebu, ndi dongosolo la ziganizo.
Magulu a Maina (Noun Class Systems vs Gender Systems)
Mu Chichewa, tili ndi magulu a maina 18 (monga Mu-A, Mu-Mi, Chi-Zi, Li-Ma, komanso U). Magulu awa ndi omwe amatsogolera galamala yonse ya chiganizo pochita chigwirizano cha mgwirizano (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, mu chiganizo chakuti "Chitseko chachikulu chatsegulidwa", prefix ya "chi-" ikutsogolera mbali zonse za chiganizo. Koma mu Chiswidishi, dongosolo limeneli mulibe. Chiswidishi chili ndi magulu awiri okha a maina (genders) omwe ndi en-words (utrum) ndi ett-words (neutrum). Mgwirizano wa ziganizo m'Chiswidishi umadalira kwambiri ngati dzina lili mu gulu la "en" kapena "ett", komanso ngati lili lambiri kapena limodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti womasulira kuchokera ku Chichewa kupita ku Chiswidishi ayenera kutaya dongosolo la magulu a maina a Chichewa ndikutsata dongosolo la "en" ndi "ett" kuti chiganizo cha Chiswidishi chikhale cholondola.
Kapangidwe ka Verebu ndi Kasonkhanitsidwe ka Nthawi
Chichewa chimadziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma affixes (zitsulo zowonjezera) pa verebu kuti zisonyeze nthawi, cholinga, munthu yemwe akuchita, ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, mu mawu oti "ndikudya", "ndi-" ikuyimira munthu woyamba, "-ku-" ikuyimira nthawi yomwe tikulankhula, ndipo "-dya" ndi verebu lenileni. Izi zimapanga verebu limodzi lokhala ndi tanthauzo lonse. Mu Chiswidishi, dongosolo limeneli siligwira ntchito m'njira yomweyi. Chiswidishi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma pronoun odziyimira pawokha (monga jag, du, han, hon) ndi ma verebu omwe sasintha kutengera munthu yemwe akuyankhula. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "kuyankhula" (tala) m'nthawi ya tsopano amakhala "talar" kwa anthu onse: jag talar (ndimayankhula), vi talar (timayankhula). Womasulira ayenera kusamala kuti asamasulire mawu ochulukirapo kapena ochepa pochoka mu Chichewa chophatikizika kupita mu Chiswidishi chodziyimira pawokha.
Dongosolo la V2 (Verb-Second Rule) m'Chiswidishi
Dongosolo la ziganizo mu Chichewa nthawi zambiri ndi la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), koma tikhoza kusintha dongosolo lino pochita kagogomekedwe. Chiswidishi chimatsatira dongosolo la V2 mu ziganizo zazikulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti verebu lenileni liyenera kukhala pamalo achiwiri mu chiganizo, kaya chiganizochi chiyambe ndi subject kapena chinthu china (monga adverb ya nthawi). Mwachitsanzo:
- Chichewa: Lero ndikupita ku sukulu. (Subject ndiye amatsatira adverb ya nthawi, ndipo verebu limabwera pambuyo pake).
- Chiswidishi: Idag går jag till skolan. (Kutanthauza kwake kwenikweni: "Lero ndikupita ine ku sukulu" - verebu "går" lili pamalo achiwiri pambuyo pa adverb "Idag").
Womasulira akapanda kusamala ndi lamulo limeneli la V2, ziganizo zake mu Chiswidishi zidzamveka ngati zachilendo kwambiri ndipo owerenga a ku Sweden sangamvetse bwino.
Zovuta za Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi (Cultural Transcreation)
Kumasulira pakati pa zilankhulozi kumaphatikizaponso kumasulira zikhalidwe. Dziko la Sweden lili ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimadziwika ndi kusafuna kudzionetsera kapena kulankhula modzitamandira, lingaliro lomwe limatchedwa "Janteloven" kapena "Lagom". Nthawi zambiri zolemba za Chiswidishi zimakhala zachidule, zachindunji, ndipo zimapewa mawu odzaza kwambiri ndi matamando kapena ulemu wopitilira muyeso. Mosiyana ndi izi, mu chikhalidwe cha Chichewa, kusonyeza ulemu kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ambiri okometsedwa, komanso mayina audindo (monga Bambo, Amayi, Agogo, kapena Atsogoleri).
Kupatula apo, miyambi ndi nthano za Chichewa zimakhala zochokera m'malo a m'maiko otentha (tropical climate), pomwe za ku Sweden zimakhala zogwirizana ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri, chipale chofewa (snow), ndi nkhalango za pine. Kumasulira mwambi ngati "Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe" mu Chiswidishi kumafuna kusaka mwambi wa Chiswidishi womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofana (monga "Ensam är inte stark" - kutanthauza kuti munthu m'modzi si wamphamvu) m'malo momasulira chala ndi nsabwe mwachindunji.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira Kuti Agwire Ntchito Mwaluso
Kuti mutsimikizire kuti ntchito yanu yamasulira ndi yapamwamba kwambiri komanso yomveka bwino, gwiritsani ntchito malangizo awa:
- Mvetsetsani Cholinga cha Cholembacho (Functional Equivalence): Omasulira odalirika samalimbana ndi mawu okha; amayang'ana uthenga weniweni womwe ukufunika kuperekedwa. Mukamamasulira m'Chiswidishi, dzifunseni kuti: "Kodi Mswidi wamba angalembe bwanji maganizo amenewa mwachibadwidwe?"
- Pezani Dikishonare Yabwino ndi Zida zothandizira (CAT Tools): Chifukwa chakuti pakadali pano mulibe madikishonare ogwirizana kwambiri achindunji a Chichewa kupita ku Chiswidishi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito Chingerezi ngati chilankhulo cha pakati (bridge language). Zida zomasulira zamakono monga Smartcat kapena Trados zingakuthandizeni kusunga mawu anu a kumasulira (Translation Memory) kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito mosasintha.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito "Du-reformen" Moyenerera: Sweden idapanga kusintha kwa chilankhulo m'zaka za m'ma 1960 komwe kudathetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu aulemu kapena mayina a maudindo (monga he, ni) polankhula ndi anthu ena. Masiku ano, pafupifupi aliyense ku Sweden amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "du" (iwe), kaya ndi polankhula ndi nduna ya boma kapena mwana wamng'ono. Womasulira Chichewa ayenera kusamala kuti asamasulire "inuyo" monga mawu ogwiritsa ntchito ulemu wopitilira muyeso, koma azizolowera "du" popanda kuopa kuti akulakwitsa chikhalidwe.
- Konzani ndi Kuwerenganso Zolemba (Proofreading): Osatumiza ntchito yanu popanda kuwerenganso. Ndibwino kuti munthu yemwe amalankhula Chiswidishi ngati chilankhulo chake choyamba komanso amene akudziwa Chichewa kapena Chingerezi awonere ntchito yanu kuti akhwimise galamala ndi malingaliro a ziganizozo.
Kutsiliza pa Ntchito ya Kumasulira
Kumasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita m'Chiswidishi ndi luso lapadera lomwe limafuna kuleza mtima komanso kumvetsetsa kwambiri. Podziwa bwino kusiyana kwa magulu a maina, lamulo la V2 la Chiswidishi, komanso kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe za mayiko awiriwa, womasulira amatha kumanga mlatho wolimba womwe ungapangitse mgwirizano pakati pa anthu a m'Malawi ndi Sweden kukhala wopindulitsa komanso wosavuta.