Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezivela kwiintsapho ezahluke ngokupheleleyo zeelwimi yenye yeendlela ezinomdla kakhulu nezinomngeni kubaguquleli. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwesintu (Bantu language) esithethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, sineempawu ezikhethekileyo zolwakhiwo-magama kunye nezandi ezifana neqakatha. Kwelinye icala, isiRomaniya (Romanian) lulwimi lwesiLatini (Romance language) oluthethwa eMpuma Yurophu, olunolwakhiwo olusekelwe kwiigrama yesiLatini yamandulo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa nzulu inkqubo yokuguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiRomaniya, likhanyisa imingeni ephambili, umahluko wesakhiwo, kunye namacebo anokusetyenziswa ngabaguquleli ukwenza umsebenzi osemgangathweni ophezulu nocacileyo.
Ukuqonda Umahluko Weelwimi: IsiXhosa NesiRomaniya
Isinyathelo sokuqala kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yoguqulelo kukuba nombono ocacileyo ngendlela iilwimi ezichaphazelekayo ezakhiwe ngayo. IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izimaphambili (prefixes) kunye neeklasi zezibizo (noun classes) ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama esivakalisini. Esi sakhiwo sithatha indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isenzi, isichazi, kunye nezinye izahlulo zentetho zivumelana kakuhle nesibizo ekubhekiselwa kuso. Umzekelo, iklasi yesibizo inquma ukuba isenzi siza kuqala ngantoni.
Kwelinye icala, isiRomaniya sisebenzisa inkqubo yeekesi (cases) ezifana ne-Genitive, Dative, Nominative, kunye ne-Accusative, kunye neziphelo zamagama (suffixes) ukubonisa indima yegama esivakalisini. Ukongeza, isiRomaniya sineziphakamiso ezichaziweyo (definite articles) ezincanyathiselwa ekugqibeleni kwezibizo, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwisiXhosa apho isiphakamiso sidityaniswa ekuqaleni kwegama. Lo mahluko obalulekileyo ufuna ukuba umguquleli angajongi kuphela amagama nganye nganye, kodwa aqonde isakhiwo sonke sesivakalisi ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukuguqulela.
Imingeni Esemgangathweni Yoguqulelo Lwale Miba
Xa kuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiXhosa uya kwisiRomaniya, kukho imingeni emininzi evelayo ngenxa yokungabikho kobudlelwane ngqo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini. Nantsi eminye yale mingeni:
- Ungqinelaniso lweZenzi kunye namaxesha: IsiXhosa sineendlela ezininzi zokubonisa amaxesha ezenzo (past, present, future, remote past, njalo-njalo) ezisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nezimaphambili. IsiRomaniya naso sinesakhiwo sezinki (verbs) esintsonkothileyo esinemiqathango emininzi yokudibanisa (conjugation) ngokuxhomekeke kumntu okanye entweni eyenzayo. Umguquleli kufuneka aqonde intsingiselo echanekileyo yexesha lesiXhosa aze ayifunele elona xesha lifanelekileyo kwisiRomaniya.
- Iingqikelelo zenkcubeko neentetho ezingaqhelekanga: IsiXhosa sityebile ngamaqhalo, izaci, kunye neentetho ezinxulumene ngqo nendlela yokuphila yamaXhosa, imbali, kunye nendalo. Ukuzama ukuguqulela la maqhalo ngqo (literal translation) kwisiRomaniya kungabangela ukuba isicatshulwa singavakali okanye silahle intsingiselo yaso. Ngokunjalo, isiRomaniya sinentetho yaso ebonisa imbali nendlela yokuphila yaseYurophu.
- Ubulili bezibizo: KwisiRomaniya, zonke izibizo zinebulili (indoda, ibhinqa, okanye phakathi/neuter). Oku kuchaphazela izichazi kunye nezikhonzi ezifanelekileyo. KwisiXhosa, asinalo ubulili bezibizo ngendlela efanayo, kodwa sineeklasi zezibizo ezahlulahlulwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo (abantu, izinto, izilwanyana, njalo-njalo). Ukutshintsha la maqela ukuya kwiinkqubo zobulili zesiRomaniya kufuna ulwazi olunzulu lwesikhokelo segrama yomabini la macala.
Amacebo Nabuchule Bokuphucula Uguqulelo Lwakho
Ukuze ukwazi ukoyisa le mingeni ikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla kwaye uvelise uguqulelo olululo noluthembekileyo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo:
1. Uguqulelo Lwendlela Yengcamango (Transcreation): Kunokuba uguqulele igama negama, jolisa ekubambeni intsingiselo kunye nomoya wesicatshulwa santlandlolo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa usebenzisana nemibhalo yoncwadi, ezokusasaza, kunye nentengiso. Umzekelo, xa isicatshulwa sesiXhosa sisebenzisa ibinzana elinzulu lenkcubeko, leqa indlela esibhalwe ngayo uze cinge ukuba umntu othetha isiRomaniya uya kuyivakalisa njani loo ngcamango esebenzisa amagama aqhelekileyo kwinkcubeko yakhe.
2. Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwesivakalisi: Ngaphambi kokuba ubhale nanye yento kwisiRomaniya, funda isigaba sonke sesiXhosa uze usahlulele ngokwamacandelo anentsingiselo. Oku kukunika ithuba lokubona ukuba amagama anxulumana njani kwaye kuthintela ukwenza iimpazamo zolwakhiwo-moya ezihlala zisenzeka xa umntu engxamele ukuguqulela isivakalisi eside.
3. Ukuphuhlisa izichazi-magama ezingqalileyo: Kuba engekho ama-dictionaries amaninzi athe ngqo phakathi kwisiXhosa nesiRomaniya, kuyanceda ukuzakhela isichazi-magama sakho (glossary) samagama antsonkothileyo, amagama ezobuchwepheshe, kunye neentetho eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba usebenzisa amagama afanayo (consistency) kuwo wonke umbhalo okanye kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo ezizayo.
Izixhobo Zobuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokuzisebenzisa
Kule mihla yezobuchwepheshe, abaguquleli banokufikelela kwizixhobo ezininzi ezenza umsebenzi ube lula kwaye ukhawuleze. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kufuneka kuyenziwe ngononophelo olukhulu:
Izixhobo zoguqulelo zomatshini (Machine Translation) ezifana neGoogle Translate okanye ezinye iisistim ze-AI zinolwazi oluthile ngeelwimi zombini. Kodwa ke, ngenxa yokuba isiXhosa nesiRomaniya zingadityaniswa rhoqo kwidatha yoqeqesho yala matshini, iziphumo zoguqulelo oluzenzekelayo zihlala zineempazamo ezinkulu zegrama kunye nokungaqondakali kwentsingiselo. Umguquleli womntu kufuneka ahlale ekhona ukuze enze uhlengahlengiso olunzulu (post-editing).
Izixhobo ze-CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation tools) njengeTrados, MemoQ, okanye iSmartcat zingasetyenziswa ukugcina iinkumbulo zoguqulelo (translation memories). Ezi zixhobo zinceda kakhulu ekugcineni umgangatho ofanayo wamagama, ingakumbi kwimibhalo yomthetho, eyezonyango, okanye yezoqeqesho apho ukuchaneka kwamagama kubalulekileyo.
Ukwenza Uguqulelo Lube Nokufaneleka Kwezenkcubeko
Uguqulelo oluyimpumelelo alupheleli nje ekubeni chanekile ngokwegrama, kodwa kufuneka luvakale ngathi lubhalwe ngomnye othetha loo lwimi ukusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe. Xa uguqulela isiXhosa esiRomaniyeni, cinga ngoluvo lomfundi waseRomania. Ngaba izaci ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyahambelana nempilo yakhe yemihla ngemihla? Ngaba isandi somoya (tone) womtext sifanelekile ngokwendlela amaphepha asemthethweni okanye ezentlalo abhalwa ngayo kwelo lizwe?
Ukuze uqiniseke ngoku, kucetyiswa ukuba wenze inkqubo yokuhlaziya (proofreading) kunye nengcali ethetha isiRomaniya njengolwimi lwayo lwenkobe (native speaker). Oku kunceda ukufumana iimpazamo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokwenza isicatshulwa sihambe kakuhle kwaye sibe mnandi ukusifunda.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuguqulela phakathi kwale miba mibini yelwimi yinkqubo efuna umonde, ulwazi olunzulu, kunye nokuzibophelela ekuphuhliseni izakhono zombini. Ngokulandela la macebo kunye nokunika ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ezincinci zolwakhiwo, abaguquleli banokwakha ibhulorho eyomeleleyo yolwazi phakathi kwabantu abathetha isiXhosa nabo bathetha isiRomaniya, beququzelela unxibelelwano nentsebenziswano phakathi kwezi nkcubeko zimbini zintle kakhulu.