Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa amagambo kuva mu rurimi rumwe ujyana mu rundi ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'indimi zombi, imico yazo, ndetse n'amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo azigenga. Iyo bigeze ku guhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda (ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu) ugana mu Gitagalo (Tagalog - ururimi rukoreshwa cyane muri Filipine, rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Ositironesiya), uhura n'imiterere yihariye itandukanye cyane haba mu buryo bw'imyubakire y'interuro ndetse n'indangagaciro z'umuco. Iyi nyandiko irasobanura mu buryo bwambuye inzira, imbogamizi, n'inama z'ingenzi zakubera umuyoboro mu gukora ubuhinduzi buhamye kandi bwumvikana neza.
Imiterere y'Ikibonezamvugo: Ikinyarwanda na Tagalog
Kugira ngo ube umuhinduzi mwiza w'izi ndimi zombi, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'aho zitandukaniye mu miterere y'ibanze y'ikibonezamvugo:
- Imyubakire y'Interuro (Word Order): Mu Kinyarwanda, interuro zikunze kubakwa mu buryo bwa SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), aho nkorera (Subject) iza imbere, hagakurikiraho inkorwa (Verb), hanyuma hagaza igikorwa (Object). Urugero: "Umwana ari kurya ibiryo." Mu Gitagalo, imyubakire isanzwe ifata ishusho ya VSO (Verb-Subject-Object) cyangwa VOS (Verb-Object-Subject). Ibi bisobanuye ko inkorwa ari yo iza imbere y'izindi nteruro. Urugero mu Gitagalo: "Kumakain ang bata ng pagkain" (Ari kurya umwana ibiryo).
- Urwego rw'Utwungiko (Agglutination): Ikinyarwanda n'Igitagalo byose ni indimi zikoresha utwungiko (agglutinative languages). Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga ishobora guhuzwa n'indangangano, indangagihe, n'indangangingo ku buryo ijambo rimwe rishobora kuba interuro yose. Igitagalo na cyo gikoresha utwungiko (affixes) twinshi cyane (imbere, hagati, n'inyuma y'ijambo) kugira ngo kigaragaze igihe cy'inkorwa (aspect) cyangwa icyo inshinga yibandaho (focus system).
- Uburyo bw'Ibyerekezo by'Inshinga (Austronesian Alignment / Trigger System): Iki ni cyo kintu gikomeye kandi cyihariye mu Gitagalo. Interuro igira "trigger" cyangwa icyerekezo (focus) kigaragazwa n'akabonezamvugo "ang". Umubano w'inshinga n'iryo jambo ririho "ang" ugaragazwa n'akabonezamvugo gakoreshwa ku nshinga (nka mag-, um-, -in, -an, i-). Mu Kinyarwanda, ibi bishobora kugereranywa n'ingereka z'inshinga (applicative, causative, etc.), ariko mu Gitagalo ho ni ryo tegeko ry'ibanze ry'ubwubatsi bw'interuro.
Imbogamizi n'Inyito z'Umuco (Cultural Nuances)
Uretse ikibonezamvugo, umuco w'Abanyarwanda n'uw'Abafilitino ufite aho utandukaniye cyane, kandi ibi bigaragarira mu mvugo zabo z'umunsi ku munsi. Mu guhindura inyandiko, umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo atagira icyo yangiza ku gitekerezo cy'ibanze:
Imvugo z'Ikinyabupfura n'Icyubahiro (Honorifics) ni ingingo y'ingenzi cyane. Mu Kinyarwanda, icyubahiro n'ikinyabupfura bigaragazwa binyuze mu gukoresha ubwinge (Urugero: "Muraho" cyangwa "Mwaramutse" mu gihe ubwira umuntu umwe ucyuye icyubahiro), cyangwa amagambo yihariye nk'inshinga z'icyubahiro (Urugero: "Gusangira", "Gutsinda", "Gusinzira" bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bitewe n'uwo ubwira). Mu Gitagalo, ikinyabupfura n'icyubahiro bigaragazwa no gukoresha amagambo nka "po" na "opo" mu nteruro, ndetse no gukoresha ibinyazina by'ubwinge (nka "kayo" cyangwa "ninyo") mu gihe ubwira umuntu umwe w'icyubahiro cyangwa ushaje.
Indi mbogamizi iba mu guhindura imigani, inshoberamvugo, n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo. Mu Kinyarwanda, imigani myinshi ishingiye ku matungo (nk'inka), ubuhinzi, n'imisozi y'u Rwanda. Mu Gitagalo, inyito n'imvugo z'ikigereranyo zikunze gushingiye ku nyanja, ibirere by'amajyepfo, uburobyi, ndetse n'idini rya Gikatorika ryiganje muri icyo gihugu. Umuhinduzi ntashobora guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation) kuko bitakwumvikana; ahubwo agomba gushaka imvugo ihwanye n'indi mu muco w'ururimi rwakirwa (target language localization).
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi (Translation Best Practices)
Kugira ngo ukore ubuhinduzi bufite ireme kuva mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gitagalo, dore inama z'ingenzi zagufasha:
- Soma ubanze usobanukirwe inyandiko y'inkomoko (Source Text Analysis): Mbere yo gutangira guhindura, soma inyandiko yose mu Kinyarwanda. Sobanukirwa n'intego y'umwanditsi, abasomyi bagenewe inyandiko, ndetse n'umwuka inyandiko yanditswemo (tone and voice). Ibi bituma ubumenyi bwawe butaba ubw'amagambo gusa, ahubwo bukaba ubw'ubutumwa bwose.
- Kwibanda ku Cyerekezo cy'Interuro (Focus Strategy in Tagalog): Iyo uhindura interuro yo mu Kinyarwanda ugana mu Gitagalo, banza uhemure icyo ushaka gushyiraho icyerekezo (focus) mu Gitagalo. Mbese ni uwayikoze (actor focus), ni igikorwa (object focus), ni aho byabereye (locative focus), cyangwa ni igikoresho cyakoreshejwe (instrumental focus)? Guhitamo neza akabonezamvugo k'inshinga na "ang" bizatuma interuro yawe yumvikana nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'umufilitino.
- Irinde guhindura ijambo ku rindi (Avoid Literal Translation): Kuko imyubakire y'indimi zombi itandukanye cyane, guhindura ijambo ku rindi bitera ukwumvikana nabi cyangwa interuro zidafite injyana mu Gitagalo. Shaka igitekerezo gikubiye mu nteruro y'Ikinyarwanda, hanyuma ukiyubake bundi bushya mu Gitagalo ukoresheje amategeko n'injyana byaho.
- Gukoresha Ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bw'ubwenge: Nubwo porogaramu zihindura (nka Google Translate cyangwa izindi mashini) zishobora gufasha mu kwihutisha akazi, ntizifite ubushobozi bwo kumva umuco n'inshoberamvugo z'Ikinyarwanda n'Igitagalo. Koresha izi porogaramu nk'igikoresho cy'ibanze cyo kugufasha gutangira, ariko igikorwa cyo gukosora no guhuza inyandiko n'umuco (editing and localization) kibe icyawe bwite.
Ugereranya ry'Amagambo n'Interuro z'Ibanze
Kugira ngo ugaragaze ishusho y'imiterere y'izi ndimi zombi, dore imbonerahamwe y'ingeri z'interuro z'ibanze n'uko zihindurwa:
| Ikinyarwanda | Igitagalo (Tagalog) | Icyitonderwa cy'Ikibonezamvugo |
|---|---|---|
| Ndagukunda. | Mahal kita. | Mu Gitagalo, "kita" ni impine y'akabonezamvugo yerekana "Njyewe-Wowe" (I-you). |
| Umwana ari gusoma igitabo. | Nagbabasa ng libro ang bata. | Inshinga "Nagbabasa" (ari gusoma) iza mbere, "ang bata" (umwana) ikaza inyuma ikurikiye "ng libro" (igitabo). |
| Murakoze cyane. | Maraming salamat po. | Marami (Byinshi) + salamat (gushimira) + po (akagambo k'icyubahiro). |
| Aho ruzingiye ni aha... | Ang pinaka-importante ay... | Mu Kinyarwanda ni inshoberamvugo, mu Gitagalo hakenewe imvugo yumvikana neza nta kigereranyo cy'umugozi. |
Umusaruro w'Ubuhinduzi Buhamye
Ubusanzwe, iyo uhindura kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujya mu Gitagalo, uba uri guhuza ibice bibiri bitandukanye by'isi: Afurika yo hagati n'Uburasirazuba na Aziya y'amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Gukora uyu murimo neza bisaba kwihangana, kwiga ubudahwema, no kugira ubushishozi mu buryo amagambo akoreshwa mu mibereho y'abantu. Umuhinduzi mwiza ntaba ari umuhuza w'amagambo gusa, ahubwo aba ari umuhuza w'imico n'amatsinda y'abantu bafite amateka atandukanye. Binyuze mu gukurikiza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo y'indimi zombi no kwitwararika ku biranga umuco, ubuhinduzi bwawe buzaba inyandiko isomeka neza, ifite injyana, kandi yubashye abasomyi bayo b'Abafilitino cyangwa abakoresha Igitagalo mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.