Kuturikira mashoko nezvinyorwa kubva pamutauro weChishona kuenda pamutauro weChidachi (Dutch) inzira inoda hunyanzvi hukuru pamwe nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemasangano emitsika, girama, pamwe nekuumbwa kwemashoko mumitauro yese miviri. Chishona, semutauro wechiBantu unotaurwa nevanhu vakawanda muZimbabwe, chine zvivakwa zvakasiyana zvachose neChidachi, mutauro wechiWest Germanic unotaurwa munyika dzinoti Netherlands neBelgium. Kuti shanduro yako ibude yakachena uye inonzwisisika zviri nyore nevaverengi veChidachi, unofanira kutevedzera mitemo yakakosha yemitauro iyi nekunzwisisa zvakavanzika zvekushandura pfungwa kwete mazwi chete.
Musiyano weGirama neZvivakwa zveMitauro Yakasiyana
Pakati peChishona neChidachi pane misiyano mikuru yeunyanzvi hwegirama inogona kuunza matambudziko akawanda kune vaturikiri. Misiyano iyi inoda kurongwa nemazvo kuitira kuchengetedza revo yechinyorwa chekutanga:
- Mapoka eMazita (Noun Classes): Chishona mutauro une mapoka emazita anodarika gumi nemasere (noun classes). Boka rega rega rezita rine chivakashure (prefix) chinotungamirira kuwirirana kwezvikamu zvose zvomutsara (concordial agreement). Kune rimwe divi, Chidachi chine mapoka maviri chete emazita anozivikanwa nemazita echinyorwa anoti "de" uye "het". Kuturikira zvivakashure zveChishona kuenda pamanyorerwo eChidachi kunoda kuziva kuti zita rega rega rinoenderana nei mune unyanzvi hwegirama yeChidachi.
- Kurongeka kweMutsara (Word Order): Chishona chinowanzoshandisa kurongeka kwe SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) mumitsara yacho yose. Zvisinei, Chidachi chine kurongeka kwakasiyana zvikuru kunozivikanwa seV2 word order, umo chiito chinofanira kunge chiri pachinzvimbo chechipiri mumutsara mukuru, uye mitsara inotsamira (subordinate clauses) inogona kupedza nechiito kumagumo kwemutsara. Muturikiri anofanira kungwarira kusatevedzera kurongeka kweChishona kuitira kudzivirira kunyora mitsara yeChidachi isinganzwiki nevaverengi vemutauro iwoyo.
- Zvisungo zveChiito (Verbal Inflections): Muchishona, nguva (tense), muiti (subject pronoun), nemagariro echiito zvinobatanidzwa pamwe chete nechiito kuita izwi rimwe chete rakareba (somuenzaniso: "vachazokurangarirai"). Chidachi chinoshandisa mazwi akaparadzana uye zvito zvinobatsira (auxiliary verbs) kuratidza nguva nemamiriro ezvinhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti izwi rimwe chete reChishona rinogona kuturikirwa nemitsara yakareba yeChidachi.
Misiyano yeMashoko, Ukama neKuremekedza muna Mitauro Miviri
Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kunetsa vaturikiri ndeye tsananguro dzeukama nehurongwa hwekuremekedzana (register and kinship terms). Tsika dzechiShona dzinoratidzwa zvakadzama muukama hwemhuri. Somuenzaniso, Chishona chine mazwi akasiyana emhuri akadai sekuti "babamukuru" (mukoma wababa), "babamunini" (munun'una wababa), "amainini" (munun'una waamai), kana "vamwene" (amai vemurume). MuChidachi, tsananguro idzi dzinenge dzisimo zvakananga. Chidachi chinoshandisa mashoko akapfava se "oom" (uncle) kana "tante" (aunt) asingaratidzi mukuru kana mudiki mumhuri, uye "schoonmoeder" kuratidza vamwene kana kuti mai vemukadzi pasina mutsauko weboka rezita rekuremekedza.
Pamusoro pezvo, pakuremekedza vanhu vakuru kana vanoremekedzeka, mutauro weChishona unoshandisa zvivakashure zvekuremekedza zvakadai se "Va-" kana kushandisa mazita euzhinji (plural pronouns) kureva munhu mumwe chete (somuenzaniso: "kutaura navo"). Kunyange zvazvo mutauro weChidachi uine nzira mbiri dzekuremekedza (kushandisa "u" pakuremekedza uye "je" pakushamwaridzana), hazvisviki pakureba kwekuzviratidza kunoitwa neChishona apo chiito chose chinogona kuchinjwa kuremekedza mumwe munhu. Vaturikiri vanofanira kunyatsosarudza mazwi anogona kuratidza ukama nekuremekedza uku nenzira inovimbika kuitira kuti chinyorwa chichengetedze mweya wacho wekutanga.
Matambudziko ekushandurwa kweTsumo nemadimikira
Tsumo nemadimikira zvemufungo wechiShona zvinotsamira zvikuru patsika, nhoroondo, uye magariro evanhu vemuZimbabwe. Somuenzaniso, tsumo dzakaita sekuti "chara chimwe hachitswanyi huku" kana kuti "mviromviro yemhanza mapfeka" dzinenge dzisina revo yakajeka kana dzikaturikirwa izwi neizwi kuenda muChidachi. Mutsara wechiDutch unoti "Eén duim kan geen luis doden" (yakafanana netsumo yechara chimwe) inogona kunge isiri iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevaDutch, asi vanoshandisa madimikira anotsanangura kubatana akadai sekuti "Eendracht maakt macht" (kubatana kunopa simba) kana kuti "Samen staan we sterk".
Kuti ukunde dambudziko iri, muturikiri anofanira kushandisa unyanzvi hweinonzi "transcreation". Transcreation inzira yekushandura revo yepfungwa nemanzwiro echinyorwa chekutanga, tichishandisa mitsara nemadimikira anowanikwa munyika inotaurwa mutauro wauri kuturikirira. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuita kuti chinyorwa chako chinzwike sechesimboti (unnatural translation) uye chinoita kuti vaverengi veChidachi vanzwe ruzivo rwakafanana nerwevaverengi veChishona.
Mazano Anobatsira Pakuturikira Kubva paChishona Kuenda paChidachi
Kuti uve muturikiri anobudirira uye anozivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwekuturikira pakati pemitauro iyi miviri, tevera matanho aya anokosha:
- Nzwisisa Context yeChinyorwa: Usati watanga kunyora, verenga chinyorwa chose cheChishona kaviri kana katatu kuitira kunzwisisa mweya nechinangwa chemunyori. Ziva kana chinyorwa chacho chiri chemabhizimisi, chenhau, chetsika, kana chenhetembo.
- Dzivirira Literal Translation: Kushandura izwi neizwi inzira inoparadza mhando yebasa. Edza nguva dzose kutarisa pfungwa huru iri mumutsara, wobva waigadzira patsva uchishandisa mitemo yegirama nekurongeka kwemitsara yeChidachi.
- Kushandisa Zvishandiso zvemazuvano (CAT Tools): Zvishandiso zvakaita seSDL Trados, MemoQ, kana Phrase zvinogona kubatsira kuchengetedza mashoko anoramba achidzokororwa (glossaries) uye kuona kuti pane kuenderana kwebasa kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira. Zvisinei, usavimbe nemichina iyi zvachose; shandisa pfungwa dzako dzevanhu kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvemitauro.
- Dzidza Tsika dzeVaDutch neVaBelgium: Kuti ukwanise kushandura zvinyorwa zvinobata manzwiro, unofanira kunge uchiziva zvido, tsika, uye magariro evanhu vari munyika idzi. Mutauro hausi mashoko chete; chiratidzo chetsika dzevanhu.
Kuongorora Basa neKugadzirisa Zvikanganiso (Proofreading)
Basa rekuturikira harisati rapera kudzamara chinyorwa chanyatsoongororwa nekugadziriswa zvikanganiso. Zvikanganiso zvegirama, kupetwa kwemashoko (spelling errors), uye kurongeka kwakashata kwemitsara zvinogona kudzikisa mhando yebasa rako. Zvakakosha zvikuru kutora nguva usati waverenga zvakare zvawakanyora, kuitira kuti uone zvikanganiso zvisina kubuda pakutanga. Kana zvichibvira, zvakanaka kwazvo kuti chinyorwa chako chekupedzisira chiongororwe nemunhu ane mutauro waamai uri Chidachi (native speaker) kuitira kuti aone kana mashoko acho achiyerera semvura uye achinzwisisika zvizere.
Kutevedzera mazano nematanho aya kuchaita kuti shanduro dzako dzeChishona kuenda paChidachi dzigamuchirwe zvakanaka uye dzinzwisiswe zviri nyore nevaverengi vese vemuno nekune dzimwe nyika.