Zilankhulo za m'banja la Bantu ndizo zofala kwambiri m'maiko a kumwera ndi pakati pa Africa. Zina mwa zilankhulozi ndi Chichewa (chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique) ndi Chisesotho (Sesotho, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Lesotho ndi South Africa). Ngakhale zilankhulozi zili ndi chiyambi chimodzi cha Bantu, kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Chisesotho kumafunika chidziwitso chozama chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe, kalembedwe, matchulidwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo othandiza kuti omasulira athe kugwira ntchito yawo mwaluso komanso molondola.
Chiyambi cha Kulumikizana kwa Chichewa ndi Chisesotho
Chichewa ndi Chisesotho ndi zilankhulo zomwe zimagawana mapangidwe ambiri a galamala chifukwa cha umodzi wawo wa Chibantu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zilankhulozizi zimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) posonyeza mgwirizano m'masentensi. Komabe, kusamuka kwa anthu komanso malo omwe zilankhulozi zimalankhulidwa kwachititsa kuti aliyense akhale ndi njira yakeyake yopangira mawu ndi kulankhula. Kumasulira bwino sikutanthauza kusinthana mawu chabe, koma kumasulira uthenga womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofanana komanso ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha olankhula Chisesotho.
Kusanthula Magulu a Maina (Noun Classes)
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe womasulira ayenera kuzimvetsetsa ndi magulu a maina. Zilankhulo zonsezi zili ndi matchulidwe a maina kutengera zilongosolo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo:
- Gulu 1 (Anthu): M'Chichewa timati munthu (mmodzi) ndi anthu (ambiri). Mu Chisesotho, izi zimasinthika kukhala motho (mmodzi) ndi batho (ambiri). Mgwirizano wa verebu uyeneranso kutsatira gulu limeneli.
- Gulu 7 (Zinthu): M'Chichewa gulu ili limagwiritsa ntchito mawu oyambira a chi- monga chinthu. Mu Chisesotho, gulu limeneli limagwiritsa ntchito se- monga selo (kapena setlhare cha mtengo/mankhwala).
- Gulu 9 (Nyama/Zinthu zina): M'Chichewa tili ndi nyumba kapena njoka. Mu Chisesotho chimodzimodzi timapeza ntlo (nyumba) ndi noha (njoka).
Womasulira akuyenera kusamala kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wa maina ndi maverebu (subject-verb agreement). Ngakhale kuti maguluwa akufanana, kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake ndi mapangidwe a maverebu mu Chisesotho amasiyana pang'ono ndi Chichewa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chisesotho ma verebu amakhala ndi zilembo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa motalikirana (disjunctive writing system), pamene m'Chichewa zinthu zambiri zimalembedwa ngati mawu amodzi (conjunctive writing system).
Kusiyana kwa Kalembedwe ndi Mapangidwe a Sentensi
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chisesotho kuli pa kalembedwe (orthography). Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti olemba mbiri ndi amishonale omwe anakhazikitsa zilembo za zilankhulozi anali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolembera mawu.
Chichewa chimatsatira kalembedwe ka mgwirizano (conjunctive system), komwe kumasakaniza tizidutswa ta mawu (prefixes and suffixes) kuti pakhale mawu amodzi akulu. Mwachitsanzo: Ndidzakupatsani. Apatu mawu onse a nthawi, m'malo, ndi anthu aphatikizidwa pamodzi.
Koma mu Chisesotho cha ku Lesotho ndi South Africa, amagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kosiyana (disjunctive system). Mawu amagawidwa m'tizidutswa ting'onoting'ono totseguka. Chitsanzo chofanana ndi chomwe dili pamwambapa mu Chisesotho chidzalembedwa kuti: Ke tla u fa (Ine - ndidza - inu - kupatsa). Kusiyanaku kungasokoneze womasulira yemwe saphunzira bwino momwe mawu a Chisesotho amagawidwira m'masentensi.
Kuphatikiza apo, Chisesotho chili ndi zilembo ndi matchulidwe omwe palibe m'Chichewa. Zitsanzo ndi monga:
- Zilembo monga hl (chomwe chimatchulidwa ngati mluzu wam'mbali mwa lilime).
- Zilembo za matchulidwe a kudontha (click sounds) monga q, zomwe zilipo chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa Chisesotho ndi zilankhulo za Nguni (monga Chizulu ndi Chixhosa) komanso zilankhulo za Khoisan.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo monga š kapena tj posonyeza mamvekedwe enaake apadera.
Kusiyana kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambi
Kumasulira koyenera kumatsata chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula chilankhulo chomwe tikumasulira. Chichewa chimachokera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala m'madera a nkhalango ndi madambo, pafupi ndi nyanja (monga Nyanja ya Malawi). Izi zikutanthauza kuti miyambi ndi mafotokozedwe ambiri a m'Chichewa amakhudzana ndi nsomba, madzi, ndi ulimi wa m'madera a chinyontho.
Kumbali ena, Chisesotho chimakhudzana ndi anthu okhala m'mapiri a ku Lesotho ndi m'madera owuma a ku South Africa. Anthu a Chisesotho amalemekeza kwambiri ng'ombe komanso mapiri m'chikhalidwe chawo. Miyambi yambiri ya Chisesotho imachokera ku moyo wa ku busa ndi kuweta ng'ombe. Mwachitsanzo:
- M'Chichewa timati: Chala chimodzi sichiswa nsabwe (Kugwira ntchito pamodzi).
- Mu Chisesotho chofanana naye ndi: Kopano ke matla (Umodzi ndi mphamvu) kapena amagwiritsa ntchito miyambi yokhudza ng'ombe posonyeza umodzi ndi thandizo la anthu ammudzi.
Choncho, womasulira asagwiritse ntchito kumasulira kwa mawu ndi mawu (literal translation) pakumasulira miyambi. M'malo mwake, afunefune mwambi kapena mawu ofanana nawo mu Chisesotho omwe amanyamula tanthauzo la m'Chichewa lija koma mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha a Sotho.
Mawu Wobwereka m'Zilankhulo Zonsezi
Chifukwa cha mbiri ya atsamunda ndi malonda, zilankhulo zonsezi zabwereka mawu kuchokera m'zilankhulo za ku Ulaya komanso zilankhulo zina yandikana nazo. Kusiyana kwa magwero a mawu wobwerekawa ndikofunika kukumbukira:
- Chichewa: Chawonetsa kutengera mawu ambiri ku Chingerezi, Chizulu/Chingoni, komanso Chireno (Portuguese) chifukwa cha kuyandikana ndi dziko la Mozambique. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga ndalama (kuchokera ku Chiarabu kudzera m'Chiswahili) kapena supuni.
- Chisesotho: Chimatengera mawu ambiri ku Chingerezi komanso Chifulaika (Afrikaans) ndi Chizulu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu a Chisesotho monga buka (buku), tafole (tebulo - kuchokera ku Afrikaans 'tafel'), ndi kereke (tchalitchi - kuchokera ku Afrikaans 'kerk').
Popanga kumasulira kwa nkhani zamakono, zamalonda, kapena zaukadaulo, womasulira ayenera kusankha mawu amakono a Chisesotho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi eni ake, m'malo modzaza sentensi ndi mawu a Chichewa osinthidwa kalembedwe chabe.
Malangizo Othandiza kwa Omasulira
Kuti mukwaniritse kumasulira kwapamwamba komanso kothandiza, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Dziwani komwe kuli owerenga anu: Chisesotho chimalankhulidwa ku Lesotho komanso ku South Africa. Ngakhale zilankhulozizi zili zofanana, pali kusiyana pang'ono pa kalembedwe kothiridwa ndirira (monga m'mabuku a kusekondale ndi boma). Onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira kalembedwe koyenera ka gawo chomwe mukulilolera.
- Pezani zinthu zothandizira: Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare amasulidwe a Chisesotho ndi Chingerezi, chifukwa pakali pano madikishonare achindunji a Chichewa kupita ku Chisesotho ndi osowa kwambiri. Njira yabwino ndiyo kumasulira Chichewa kupita ku Chingerezi, kenako n'kupita ku Chisesotho, uku mukusunga tanthauzo loyambirira la Chinyanja/Chichewa.
- Gwiritsani ntchito odziwa chilankhulocho (Native Speakers): Mukamaliza kumasulira, lolani munthu yemwe anabadwa kapena kuleredwa m'chilankhulo cha Chisesotho kuti awunike ntchito yanu. Izi zithandiza kuzindikira ngati masentensi akuyenda mwachibadwa komanso ngati palibe mawu omwe angakhumudwitse anthu.
- Sinthani kamvekedwe ka mawu (Tone and Register): Chisesotho chili ndi ulemu waukulu womwe umawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu apadera polankhula ndi akulu kapena pakachitika zinthu zapadera (monga misonkhano ya boma). Onetsetsani kuti ulemu wopezeka m'Chichewa monga kugwiritsa ntchito 'a-' posonyeza ulemu (monga Atsogoleri) wasinthidwa kukhala njira ya Chisesotho yosonyeza ulemu wotere.
Chidule cha Malamulo Ofunika
Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita mu Chisesotho si ntchito yosavuta chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zafotokozedwazi. Koma pokhala odziwa bwino malamulo a galamala ya Chibantu komanso kusiyana kwa kakonzedwe ka masentensi pa kalembedwe, omasulira amatha kupanga ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa zikhalidwe ndi kukhala wosamala ndi mawu wobwereka ndiko kofunika kuti uthenga wanu ufikire anthu a ku Lesotho ndi South Africa m'njira yomveka bwino komanso yogwira mtima.