Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezivela emakhaya ehlukene ngokuphelele omhlaba kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu nezithakazelisayo emkhakheni wezifundo zezilimi (linguistics). Olimini lwesiZulu, okuwulimi lwesintu (Bantu language) olukhulunywa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, nase-Icelandic, okuwulimi lwasoNyakatho ne-Europe (North Germanic language) olukhulunywa esiqhingini sase-Iceland, kukhona umehluko omkhulu kakhulu owenza ukuhumusha phakathi kwazo kube wubuciko obudinga ukucophelela okukhulu. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukuhlaziya izindlela, izinselelo, nemithetho ebalulekile okufanele ilandelwe lapho kuhunyushwa imibhalo isuka olimini lwesiZulu iya olimini lwesi-Icelandic.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezilimi Zombili: Uhlelo Lwezigaba Namacala
IsiZulu nesi-Icelandic zinezinhlelo zolimi ezihluke ngokuphelele, futhi lokhu kungenye yezindawo zokuqala lapho umhumushi ehlangana khona nobunzima. IsiZulu siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izijobelelo nezilethi (agglutinative language), lapho amagama akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izinhlaku ezahlukene (morphemes) esiqwini segama. Esinye sezici ezivelele zesiZulu yisistimu yezigaba zamabizo (noun classes), lapho ibizo ngalinye liwela ngaphansi kwesigaba esithile esinquma isivumelwano sikamaphimbo (concord) sawo wonke amanye amagama emshweni njengeziphawulo, izichasiso, nezenzo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isi-Icelandic siwulimi olusebenzisa kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwesiphetho samagama (highly inflected language) ukuze kukhonjiswe indima yegama emshweni (cases). Lolimi lunamacala amane amakhulu: i-Nominative, Accusative, Dative, ne-Genitive. Amabizo, iziphawulo, izindlalifa zamagama (pronouns), nezinombolo konke kuyaguquka kuye ngalawa macala, kanye nangobulili begama (lesilisa, lesifazane, noma elingathathi hlangothi - masculine, feminine, neuter). Lapho umhumushi esusa umbhalo olimini lwesiZulu uya olimini lwesi-Icelandic, kufanele aqonde ukuthi isivumelwano sezigaba zamabizo zesiZulu kufanele sihunyushelwe ohlelweni lwamacala nobulili lwesi-Icelandic ngokunembile, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yincazelo yokuqala yomusho.
Isakhiwo Semisho Nemithetho Yolimi (Syntax)
Nakuba zombili lezi zilimi zilandela isakhiwo esijwayelekile somusho esithi SVO (Subject-Verb-Object / Umenzi-Isenzo-Umenziwa), indlela ezenzo eziziphatha ngayo ihluke kakhulu. Olimini lwesiZulu, isenzo sihlanganisa izivumelwano zomenzi nomenziwa ngaphakathi kwaso njengezijobelelo zokuqala (prefixes). Isibonelo, egameni elithi "ngiyazithanda", isiqu senzo sithi "-thanda", kanti u-"ngi-" ukhombisa umenzi (mina), u-"ya-" ukhombisa inkathi yamanje, u-"zi-" ukhombisa umenziwa (zona). Lokhu kwenza ukuthi umusho owodwa wesiZulu ube namagama ambalwa kodwa acebe kakhulu ngolwazi lomzwa.
Kusi-Icelandic, isenzo siyaguquka kuye ngenkathi (tense), indlela yokukhuluma (mood), umuntu (person), kanye nenani (singular/plural). Noma kunjalo, ulwazi lomenzi nomenziwa aluhlanganiswa esenzweni ngendlela efanayo nangesiZulu; esikhundleni salokho, isi-Icelandic sithembele kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemisho emide lapho amagama ahlukene enza imisebenzi yawo ngokuhlukana kodwa eguquka ngokuhambisana (declension and conjugation). Lapho umhumushi eqala ukuhlela kabusha imisho yesiZulu eya kusi-Icelandic, kufanele ahlaziye kahle ukuthi izakhi ezikhethekile zolimi lwesiZulu zizobekwa kanjani kusi-Icelandic ngaphandle kokwenza umusho ozwakala ungemuva noma ungajwayelekile kubalandeli bolimi lwesi-Icelandic.
Ukuhumusha Amasiko Nezimo Zokukhuluma (Cultural Transcreation)
Ukuhumusha akukhona nje ukushintsha amagama kusuka olimini olulodwa kuya kolunye; kumayelana nokuhumusha amasiko nezindlela zokuphila. IsiZulu siwulimi olunesisekelo esijulile emasikweni ase-Afrika, lapho imiqondo efana nokuthi "ubuntu", "ukuhlonipha", nobudlelwano bomndeni obubanzi inezinkulumo ezingadingi amagama amaningi ukuyichaza. Kunesilulumagama esikhulu esiphathelene nemvelo yasemakhaya, imfuyo (ikakhulukazi izinkomo), nemicimbi yamasiko okungelula ukukuthola kusi-Icelandic.
Isi-Icelandic naso siwulimi olicebe kakhulu ngomlando waso, olunamagugu ezincwadi zasendulo (Sagas) kanye nemiqondo ehlobene kakhulu nesimo sezulu esibandayo, iqhwa, izintaba-mlilo, nolwandle. Isibonelo, olimini lwesi-Icelandic kukhona amagama amaningi ahlukene achaza izinhlobo ezehlukene zeqhwa nomoya, imiqondo engekho nhlobo olimini lwesiZulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuhunyushwa izimo zokukhuluma (idioms) nezaga (proverbs) zesiZulu, umhumushi kufanele asebenzise indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-transcreation—okusho ukuthi, ukuthola izimo zokukhuluma kusi-Icelandic ezidlulisa lowo myalezo ofanayo noma umuzwa ofanayo emadodeni nasemakhosikazini ase-Iceland, noma ngabe kusetshenziswe izithombe ezahlukene ngokuphelele zomhlaba.
Ukubhekana Namagama Azingqayizivele Nesilulumagama Esisha
Inqubomgomo yolimi e-Iceland iyalondolozwa kakhulu (linguistic purism noma málvöndun). Abantu base-Iceland bakhetha ukungawasebenzisi amagama avela kwezinye izilimi (loanwords) lapho kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha noma imiqondo emisha. Esikhundleni salokho, bakha amagama amasha ngokusebenzisa izimpande zamagama asevele ekhona olimini lwabo lwasendulo. Isibonelo, igama elithi "computer" liyisi- "tölva" kusi-Icelandic, okuyinhlanganisela yegama elithi "tala" (inombolo) nelithi "völva" (umbhuli/isazi).
KunesiZulu, nakuba kukhona ukuthambekela kokwakha amagama amasha (isibonelo, "ikhompuyutha" noma "isizindalwazi"), imvamisa kuvame ukuthathwa amagama olimini lwesiNgisi bese eguqulelwa ekubizweni kwesiZulu. Lo mehluko wenza ukuthi umhumushi obhekene nombhalo wezobuchwepheshe noma wesimanje kudingeke ukuba enze ucwaningo olunzulu kusi-Icelandic ukuze athole amagama afanele naqinisekisiwe angamagamandaba (neologisms), esikhundleni sokuzenzela amagama angaziwa emphakathini wase-Iceland. Lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezichazamazwi ezikhethekile ezikhishwe yi-Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Okuhumusha Ngempumelelo
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukuhumusha kwakho kusuka olimini lwesiZulu kuya olimini lwesi-Icelandic kufinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwepheshe, nquma ukulandela la mathiphu alandelayo:
- Qonda Umongo Wezenzakalo: Njalo qala ngokufunda wonke umbhalo wesiZulu ukuze uqonde umongo. Ungahumushi umusho nomusho uwedwa ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi yonke indaba ikhomba kuphi.
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Kwegama Negama: Ngenxa yokwehlukana kwesakhiwo nezimo zamasiko, ukuhumusha igama negama (literal translation) kungabangela imisho engazwakali kahle kusi-Icelandic. Gxila ekuhumusheni umqondo.
- Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Omsebenzi Afanele: Sebenzisa amapulatifomu okuhumusha esimanje (CAT Tools) asiza ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kwesilulumagama (terminology consistency), ikakhulukazi emibhalweni emide.
- Ukubuyekezwa Ngomunye Umuntu (Peer Review): Umbhalo ohunyushiwe kufanele uhlolwe ngumuntu onesi-Icelandic njengolimi lwakhe lwebele (native speaker) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isigqi solimi nendlela yokukhuluma izwakala iyimvelo ngokuphelele.
- Gcina Umlando Wezichazamazwi Zomuntu Siqu: Yakha uhlu lwamagama ahambisanayo lapho uthola izixazululo zezinkinga ezinzima zokuhumusha ukuze uzisebenzise esikhathini esizayo.
Isiphetho: Ukwakha Amabhuloho Phakathi KweNingizimu Afrika Nesiqhingi SaseNyakatho
Ukuhumusha phakathi kwesiZulu nesi-Icelandic kuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokwakha amabhuloho amasha phakathi kwamasiko amabili ahlukene kakhulu. Ngokulandela lezi zindlela nezixazululo eziveziwe kule ndatshana, abahumushi bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imibhalo enembile, ehlonipha amasiko, futhi elandela yonke imithetho yolimi ezokwenza ukuba abafundi base-Iceland bathole umyalezo ofanayo ncamashi nowabhalwa olimini lwesiZulu ekuqaleni. Leli thuba lokuxhumana livula amathuba amasha okwabelana ngolwazi, izincwadi, nemibono phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika ne-Iceland.