Kumasulira zolemba pakati pa ziyankhulo zamitundu yosiyana kwambiri kumafuna luso lowonjezereka kuposa kungosintha mawu amodzi ndi amodzi. Chichewa, chomwe ndi chiyankhulo cha m'banja la Bantu cholankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, komanso Chisebuano (Cebuano), chiyankhulo cha m'banja la Austronesian chomwe chimayankhulidwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku Philippines, zili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kalembedwe, kapangidwe ka ziganizo, ndi chikhalidwe. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo othandiza pakumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisebuano kuti zolemba zanu zizimveka zachibadwidwe komanso zolondola.
1. Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Ziyankhulo (Linguistic Typology)
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisebuano ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka ziyankhulozi. Chichewa ndi chiyankhulo cha gulu la Bantu chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) komanso mgwirizano wa mawu (concordial agreement). Izi zikutanthauza kuti zigawo zonse za chiganizo, monga maverebu ndi ma adjectives, ziyenera kugwirizana ndi gulu la dzina lomwe likutchulidwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes osiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti Chichewa chikhale chiyankhulo chopatsa chidwi chomwe chili ndi matchulidwe omveka bwino.
Koma Chisebuano, monga chiyankhulo cha Austronesian, chimagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kotchedwa "Austronesian alignment" kapena "focus system". Pa kapangidwe kumeneku, verebu limasintha ma prefixes ndi ma suffixes ake (monga mu-, mag-, -on, -an, kapena i-) kutengera chimene chili mfundo yaikulu ya chiganizo (monga chichitiridwa, chochitiridwa, malo, kapena chida chopangira chinthucho). Kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti omasulira azisamala kwambiri posankha kasinthidwe ka verebu m'Chisebuano kuti zigwirizane ndi uthenga weniweni wa mu Chichewa. Womasulira ayenera kudziwa ngati chiganizo chili ndi chidwi pa munthu wochita chinthucho (actor focus) kapena pa chinthu chomwe chikuchitikacho (object focus).
2. Dongosolo la Ziganizo ndi Mipangidwe ya Syntax
Kusiyana kwa dongosolo la mawu m'chiganizo kulinso chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuchiganizira panthawi yomasulira. Mu Chichewa, dongosolo lanthawi zonse la ziganizo ndila Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), mwachitsanzo: "Mtsikana (S) akuwerenga (V) buku (O)". Izi zimapangitsa kuti ziganizo zizikhala zosavuta kuzimva kwa anthu olankhula zilankhulo zina zamakono.
Mosiyana ndi izi, Chisebuano nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) kapena Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). Tanthauzo lake n'lakuti verebu limayamba patsogolo pa chiganizo chisanabwere, ndipo pambuyo pake pamatsatira wochita kapena chinthu chomwe chikuchitikacho. Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisebuano kumafuna kuti womasulira asinthe dongosolo la chiganizo lonse kuti limveke mwachibadwidwe m'Chisebuano. Ngati mutasunga dongosolo la SVO la Chichewa pakusinthira m'Chisebuano, chiganizicho chikhoza kumveka chachilendo, chosalongosoka, kapena chovuta kumva kwa olankhula Chisebuano.
3. Semantics ndi Kusamalira Tanthauzo la M'kati
Zilankhulo zonsezi zili ndi njira zezi zapadera zofotokozera zinthu zam'maganizo ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chichewa chili ndi mawu ambiri otanthauzira ubale wa anthu, ulemu, ndi makhalidwe a pakati pa anthu (monga "ufulu", "chifundo", "chikhulupiriro", kapena "umunthu" chomwe chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha mu Africa). Kumbali ena, Chisebuano chili ndi mawu osiyanasiyana ofotokozera momwe zinthu zilili mwakuthupi, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, komanso njira zolankhulira monyodola kapena mwaubwenzi zomwe ndizovuta kuzipezera mawu achindunji mu Chichewa.
Kuti mumasulire bwino matchulidwe amenezi, muyenera kutsatira njira izi:
- Kusanthula Nkhani Yonse (Contextual Analysis): Musamasulire mawu amodzi-amodzi mwa kungowapeza mu dikishonare. Yang'anani m'mene mawuwo akugwiritsidwira ntchito mu chiganizo komanso mu ndime yonse kuti mudziwe tanthauzo lake lenileni.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito "Transcreation" kapena Kumasulira Kwatsopano: Nthawi zina, kumasulira kwenikweni kwa mawu sikutulutsa uthenga woyenera. Izi zimachitika makamaka pamasalimo, miyambi, kapena nthabwala. M'malo mwake, pezani mwambi kapena mawu ofanana nawo mu Chisebuano omwe amapereka tanthauzo lofana ndi lamu Chichewa, ngakhale mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito akhale osiyana.
- Kusamala ndi Mawu Oyenera: Ngati palibe mawu achindunji mu Chisebuano otanthauza chinthu chachikhalidwe cha mu Africa (monga "nsima", "gule wamkulu", kapena "dambo"), womasulira akhoza kusunga mawu oyambirira a Chichewa ndikupereka malongosoledwe pang'ono m'mabokosi kapena m'mawu a m'munsi (footnotes). Izi zimathandiza kuteteza tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha Chichewa.
4. Chikhalidwe ndi Kumasulira (Cultural Localisation)
Kumasulira koyenera kumafunanso kumvetsetsa kwambiri chikhalidwe cha olankhula ziyankhulo zonse ziwiri. Chichewa chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Southern Africa (Malawi ndi Zambia), pomwe Chisebuano chikuyimira chikhalidwe cha ku Visayas ndi Mindanao m'dziko la Philippines, komwe kuli zosiyana kwambiri pazakudya, zikhulupiriro, mbiri yakale, ndi njira zochezera.
Mwachitsanzo, maudindo kapena maina aulemu (honorifics) mu Chisebuano monga "Kuya" (mchimwene wamkulu), "Ate" (mchemwali wamkulu), kapena mawu osonyeza ulemu monga "po" amafunika kusamaliridwa kwambiri. Mu Chichewa, ulemu umawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina aulemu (monga kugwiritsa ntchito "a-" patsogolo pa dzina kapena maverebu a m'gulu la ochuluka monga "bambo akudza" m'malo mwa "bambo akubwera"). Womasulira ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ulemu womwe uli mu Chichewa wasungidwa bwino mu Chisebuano popanda kusokoneza uthenga komanso kusintha kukhala ulemu ogwirizana ndi anthu olankhula Chisebuano.
5. Malangizoothandiza kwa Akatswiri Omasulira
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti kumasulira kwanu ndi kwapamwamba komanso kodalirika, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Dziwani Omwe Akuwerenga (Target Audience): Dziwani ngati owerenga a Chisebuano ndi a ku Cebu, Davao, kapena madera ena a ku Visayas, chifukwa pali kusiyana pang'ono kwa mawu ndi matchulidwe (dialects) pakati pa maderawa. Izi zimakuthandizani kusankha mawu oyenera.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zamakono Moyenera: Gwiritsani ntchito madikishonare odalirika a pa intaneti komanso mapulogalamu othandizira kumasulira (CAT tools). Komabe, musadalire kwambiri kumasulira kwa makina (monga Google Translate) chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumasulira pakati pa ziyankhulozi sikukhala kolondola chifukwa cha kusowa kwa deta yokwanira ya pakati pa Chichewa ndi Chisebuano.
- Bwerezani Kuwerenga (Proofreading): Mukamaliza kumasulira, werenganinso zolemba zanu m'Chisebuano popanda kuyang'ana zolemba za Chichewa kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikuyenda bwino komanso zikumveka ngati zolembedwa ndi munthu olankhula Chisebuano kuyambira kubadwa. Izi zimathandiza kukonza zolakwika zonse za kalembedwe.
- Kufunsira kwa Akatswiri Ena: Nthawi zonse muzifunsira kwa anthu olankhula Chisebuano monga chiyankhulo chawo choyamba kuti akuthandizeni kutsimikizira ngati ziganizo zanu zilidi zachibadwidwe. Kugwirizana ndi akatswiri a Chisebuano ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera zotsatira zabwino.
Mapeto a Njira Yomasulira
Kumasulira kuchokera m'Chichewa kupita m'Chisebuano ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna luso lalikulu, chipiriro, komanso chidwi pa tsatanetsatane wa ziyankhulo zonse ziwiri. Pomvetsetsa bwino kusiyana kwa galamala, kapangidwe ka ziganizo, ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chili muziyankhulozi, omasulira amatha kupanga zolemba zapamwamba zomwe zimagwirizanitsa anthu a ku Malawi ndi a ku Philippines mwa njira yomveka bwino ndi yaulemu. Kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo omwe ali m'nkhaniyi kudzakuthandizani kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yanu yomasulira ndikuonetsetsa kuti mukupereka zotsatira zolondola nthawi zonse.