Kumasulira zolemba kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chiurdu ndi ntchito yomwe ikufunika luso lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kulipo pakati pa zinenero ziwirizi. Chichewa ndi chinenero cha m'banja la zinenero za Chibantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Mozambique, pamene Chiurdu (Urdu) ndi chinenero cha m'banja la Indo-Aryan chomwe ndi chinenero cha boma ku Pakistan komanso chimalankhulidwa m'madera ena a ku India. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko, kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka zinenero, komanso malangizo othandiza kuti omasulira athe kugwira ntchito yawo mwaluso popanda kutaya tanthauzo loyambirira.
Kapangidwe ka Ziganizo: SVO vs SOV
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe omasulira amakumana nazo ndicho kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka ziganizo. Mu Chichewa, dongosolo la ziganizo nthawi zambiri limatsata ndondomeko ya SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Mwachitsanzo, mu Chichewa timati: "Mnyamata akudya mpunga." M'chiganizochi, "Mnyamata" ndiye ochita (Subject), "akudya" ndiye chichito (Verb), ndipo "mpunga" ndiye cholandira chichito (Object). Koma mu Chiurdu, dongosolo la ziganizo limatsata SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Chiganizo chomwechi chikamasuliridwa mu Chiurdu chimasintha kukhala: "Mnyamata mpunga akudya."
Kusiyana kumeneku kukutanthauza kuti womasulira sangathe kungotenga mawu ndi kuwayika mzere ndi mzere kutengera mmene alili m'chikalata choyambirira. Pamafunika kusintha dongosolo lonse la ziganizo m'maganizo asanambe kulemba mu Chiurdu. Kulephera kusintha kapangidwe kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zolemba za mu Chiurdu zizimveka zachilendo komanso zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa eni chinenerowo. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pa ziganizo zovuta zomwe zili ndi ziganizo zazing'ono zambiri (relative clauses), pomwe womasulira amayenera kumanganso chiganizo chonsecho kuti chigwirizane ndi malamulo a Chiurdu.
Magulu a Maina vs Jenda ya Zinenero (Noun Classes vs Grammatical Gender)
Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu a maina (noun classes) okwana pafupifupi khumi ndi limodzi kapena kupitirira, omwe amatsogolera mgwirizano wa mawu monga zirema, matchulidwe, ndi zochita (concordial agreement). Mwachitsanzo, dzina loti "chinthu" lili m'gulu la "chi-zi", ndipo limatsogolera kuti tinene kuti "chinthu chachikulu chitasika". Mu Chichewa, tilibe kusiyanitsa kwa jenda (wamwamuna kapena wamkazi) pa maina a zinthu zopanda moyo. Chilichose chimayikidwa m'gulu lake kutengera mapangidwe a mawu kapena chiyambi chake.
Koma mu Chiurdu, galamala yake ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Maina onse, kuphatikizapo zinthu zopanda moyo monga matebulo, mipando, mitengo, ndi magalimoto, ali ndi jenda yomwe imagawidwa pakati pa wamwamuna (Muzakkar) ndi wamkazi (Muannas). Mwachitsanzo, tebulo (mez) ndi lachikazi m'chinenero cha Chiurdu, pamene tsitsi (baal) lili lamwamuna. Zotsalira za ziganizo monga zirema (adjectives) ndi mavesi a zochita (verbs) zinasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi jenda ya dzinalo. Womasulira akuyenera kusamala kwambiri posintha ziganizo za Chichewa kuti azindikire jenda yoyenera mu Chiurdu kuti apewe zolakwika zazikulu za galamala zomwe zingasokoneze owerenga.
Ulemu ndi Mayendedwe a Kalankhulidwe (Honorifics and Registers)
Zinenero ziwirizi zili ndi njira zawo zosonyezera ulemu, koma njira za mu Chiurdu n'zovuta kwambiri kuposa za mu Chichewa. Mu Chichewa, njira yaikulu yosonyezera ulemu ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a muunyinji (plural forms). Mwachitsanzo, m'malo moti "ukudya", womasulira anganene kuti "mukudya" kapena "akudya" posonyeza ulemu kwa munthu wamkulu kapena wachilendo.
Mu Chiurdu, pali magawo angapo osonyezera ulemu pogwiritsa ntchito matchulidwe achinsinsi monga "Tu" (wopanda ulemu kapena waubwenzi wapamtima kwambiri), "Tum" (wamba, wachibale kapena anthu amsinku umodzi), ndi "Aap" (waulemu waukulu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makolo, aphunzitsi, kapena akuluakulu). Mawu a zochita (verbs) nawonso amasintha kwathunthu kutengera mulingo wa ulemu womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito. Womasulira akuyenera kumvetsetsa bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa anthu omwe akuwayankhula m'zolemba za Chichewa kuti athe kusankha mulingo woyenera wa ulemu mu Chiurdu popanda kuoneka ngati wopanda ulemu kapena wodziyimira pawokha.
Zilembo ndi Matchulidwe a Mawu (Script and Orthography)
Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini (Latin alphabet) zomwe zimalembedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja (Left-to-Right). Chiurdu chimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zochokera ku Chiarabu ndi Chiperisi zomwe zimatchedwa Nastaliq, ndipo zimalembedwa kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere (Right-to-Left kapena RTL).
Izi zimabweretsa zovuta zambiri pa luso la zamakono (typesetting ndi desktop publishing). Omasulira akuyenera kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu omwe amathandizira kulemba kumanja kupita kumanzere. Zizindikiro za m'ziganizo (punctuation marks) monga mafunso, makoma, ndi madontho zilinso ndi kapangidwe kosiyana komwe kakuyenera kutsatidwa mu Chiurdu kuti zolemba ziziwoneka zofikapo komanso zovomerezeka malinga ndi malamulo a kalembedwe ka Chiurdu.
Kusiyana kwa Zikhalidwe ndi Miyambi
Mbali ena yovuta pakumasulira Chichewa kupita mu Chiurdu ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu olankhula zinenerozi. Miyambi ya mu Chichewa monga "Mwana wa mphenzi sakalira mvula" kapena "Chakudza chokha sichikuza m'munda" sangamasuliridwe mawu ndi mawu chifukwa matanthauzo ake sangatulutsidwe momveka bwino kwa munthu wolankhula Chiurdu. Womasulira aliyense akuyenera kufufuza miyambi kapena ziganizo za m'chinenero cha Chiurdu zomwe zili ndi uthenga wofanana kuti zotulukapo zikhale zachilengedwe komanso zomveka bwino kwa omvera.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira
- Pezani Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe (Cultural Equivalence): Pewani kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal translation). Fufuzani mwambi kapena mawu ofanana mu Chiurdu omwe amapereka uthenga wofanana ndi uja wa mu Chichewa.
- Mvetsetsani Nkhani Yonse (Contextual Analysis): Musanambe kumasulira, werengani chikalata chonse cha Chichewa kuti mumvetse cholinga ndi mtima wa wolemba. Izi zidzakuthandizani kusankha mayendedwe oyenera a kalankhulidwe mu Chiurdu.
- Gwiritsani Ntchito Zida Zamasulidwe Mwaluso: Ngakhale pali zida zamakono monga makompyuta omasulira, nthawi zambiri zida izi sizimatha kusiyanitsa bwino magulu a maina a Chichewa kapena kusamutsa kupita ku jenda ya Chiurdu. Nthawi zonse onetsetsani kuti munthu wodziwa bwino zinenero zonsezo wawunikanso zotsatira zake.
- Samalirani Kumanja kupita Kumanzere (RTL): Onetsetsani kuti mapulogalamu omwe mukugwiritsa ntchito pakulemba Chiurdu akugwira ntchito bwino popanda kusokoneza dongosolo la zilembo ndi manambala.
- Konzani Mawu Opereka Chitsanzo (Glossary): Pamene mukumasulira zolemba zautekinoloji kapena zalamulo, sungani mndandanda wa mawu ofunika kwambiri ndi matanthauzo ake mu zinenero zonse ziwiri kuti pakhale kusasinthasintha m'zolemba zanu zonse.
Kutsiliza pa Ntchito ya Kumasulira
Kumasulira kuchokera mu Chichewa kupita mu Chiurdu ndi mlatho wofunika kwambiri polumikiza zikhalidwe ndi anthu a m'madera awiri osiyana kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso cha kusiyana kwa galamala, jenda, ndi kaimidwe ka zilembo, womasulira amatha kupereka zolemba zodalirika, zomveka bwino, komanso zosangalatsa kuziwerenga. Tsatirani ndondomeko izi kuti ntchito yanu ikhale yapamwamba komanso yothandiza kwa omwe adzaiwerenge.