Kutanthauzira pakati pa zinenero ziwiri zomwe zilibe ubale wapafupi wa mbiri kapena chigawo ndi umodzi mwa majambulidwe ovuta kwambiri m'dziko la zomasulira. Dziko la Chichewa, chomwe ndi chilankhulo chachikulu cha mtundu wa Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, ndi Zimbabwe, ndi chilankhulo cha Chialbania (Shqip), chomwe chili chokha pa nthambi ya Indo-European yomwe imalankhulidwa ku Balkan, ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za kusiyana kumeneku. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mozama njira, zovuta, ndi malangizo othandizira omasulira omwe akufuna kulumikiza zilankhulo ziwirizi m'njira yokhutiritsa komanso yogwira mtima pamawebusayiti ndi zolemba zina. Kudzera m'nkhalidwe ya tsatanetsatane, nkhaniyi ikuthandizani kumvetsetsa zinsinsi zonse zokhudza kumasulira uku.
Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Zinenero: Bantu ndi Indo-European
Kuti womasulira azitha kugwira ntchito bwino, choyamba ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka Chichewa ndi Chialbania. Chichewa ndi chilankhulo chophatikiza (agglutinative language) chomwe chimadalira kwambiri magulu a maina (noun classes) ndi matchulidwe amene amafuna mgwirizano wa mawu (concordial agreement). M'Chichewa, mawu amapangidwa mwa kuphatikiza ma prefix, infixes, ndi suffixes pa muzi wa mawu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "ndidzakupatsani" ali ndi zigawo monga 'ndi-' (ine), '-dza-' (nthawi yakutsogolo), '-ku-' (iwe/inu), komanso '-patsa-' (kupereka), ndi '-ni' (ufulu kapena kuchuluka). Izi zikutanthauza kuti galamala ya Chichewa imadalira kwambiri momwe mawu amalumikizirana kudzera m'ma prefixes a magulu a maina.
Kumbali inayi, Chialbania ndi chilankhulo chophatikiza komanso chosinthika (inflectional/synthetic language) chomwe chili ndi dongosolo lovuta la ma "cases" (magawo a kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka maina monga Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, ndi Ablative). M'Chialbania, maina amasintha mawonekedwe awo kutengera ngati ali achikazi kapena achimuna, komanso ngati ali odziwika (definite) kapena osadziwika (indefinite). Kusiyana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kumasulira mawu paokha (word-for-word translation) n'kosatheka ndipo kumatha kubweretsa zisokonezo zazikulu. Womasulira ayenera kukhala ndi luso lotha kumvetsetsa galamala ya zilankhulo zonse ziwirizi kuti athe kufotokoza uthenga popanda kusokoneza tanthauzo loyambirira.
Mavuto Aakulu Omasulira Chichewa Kupita m'Chialbania
Omasulira amakumana ndi zopinga zingapo pamene akugwira ntchito pakati pa zilankhulo izi. Zopinga izi zimagawika m'magulu angapo aakulu:
- Kusiyana kwa dongosolo la chiganizo (Syntactic Alignment): Ngakhale kuti zilankhulo zonsezi zimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), Chialbania chimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu chifukwa cha dongosolo la ma cases ake. Chialbania chikhoza kusintha dongosolo la mawu kukhala OVS kapena VSO popanda kutaya tanthauzo, pamene Chichewa chimadalira kwambiri dongosolo lokhazikika kuti chiganizo chimveke bwino komanso kuti prefixes zigwirizane bwino ndi maina awo.
- Jenda ndi Magulu a Maina (Gender vs Noun Classes): Chichewa chilibe jenda la zachikazi kapena zachimuna pamasewera a galamala; m'malo mwake, chimagawira maina m'magulu 18 kutengera mtundu wa chinthu (anthu, zinthu zazing'ono, zinthu zazikulu, zinthu zosawoneka, ndi zina zotero). Chialbania chili ndi jenda lolimba (Masculine, Feminine, komanso Neuter yomwe ikucheperachepera) lomwe limakhudza ziganizo zonse, kuphatikizapo ma adjectives ndi ma pronoun. Womasulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri posintha magulu a maina a Chichewa kupita pa jenda yoyenera ya Chialbania.
- Mawu ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe (Cultural Untranslatability): Izi ndi zovuta zomwe zimapezeka kawiri. Zinthu monga mbiri ya moyo wa ku Malawi (monga zakudya ngati nsima, kondowole, kapena zochitika ngati chokolo, uchembere, kapena gule wamkulu) zilibe mawu ofanana nawo m'chilankhulo cha Chialbania komanso chikhalidwe cha ku Balkan. Mofananamo, miyambo ya ku Albania monga "Besa" (lonjezo lopatulika) kapena "Gjakmarrja" (kubwezera mwazi) sangathe kumasuliridwa m'Chichewa ndi mawu amodzi okha popanda kufotokoza kwambiri.
Njira Zothandizira Omasulira (Translation Strategies)
Kuti uthenga usinthe bwino popanda kutaya mtengo ndi kukhudzika kwake, womasulira akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira izi:
1. Kumasulira potengera Chikhalidwe (Cultural Transcreation)
Womasulira sayenera kungomasulira mawu koma kusamutsa tanthauzo ndi kumverera kwa uthengawo. Ngati mawu a Chichewa akunena za chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku chomwe chimadziwika ndi aliyense (monga nsima), womasulira angasankhe kufotokoza chakudyacho ngati "chakudya chachikulu chopangidwa ndi ufa wa chimanga" m'Chialbania kapena kusunga mawu oyamba ndi kuwonjezera mawu ofotokoza m'mabokosi kuti owerenga a ku Albania amvetse bwino chikhalidwe cha Chimalawi.
2. Kufotokoza Mawu Mwatsatanetsatane (Paraphrasing and Amplification)
Pamene chilankhulo chalandira (target language) chilibe mawu ofanana, womasulira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kufotokoza (paraphrasing). Mwachitsanzo, mawu achichewa oti "uchembere" (udindo kapena mkhalidwe wa kukhala mayi, makamaka polemekeza chikhalidwe ndi udindo pamaso pa anthu) angamasuliridwe m'Chialbania monga "statusi dhe përgjegjësia e të qenit nënë në shoqëri" (udindo ndi udindo wokhala mayi m'magulu a anthu). Izi zimathandiza kuti tanthauzo lauzimu ndi lachikhalidwe lisatayike.
3. Kusamalira Kaundula wa Chilankhulo (Maintaining Register and Tone)
Chichewa chili ndi njira zosonyezera ulemu polankhula ndi akulu kapena anthu olemekezeka (monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a m'gulu la maina la "a-" ngati "Amayi" kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma verb prefixes achuluka ngati "mukupita" m'malo mwa "ukupita"). Chialbania nachonso chimagwiritsa ntchito kaundula wa ulemu pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Ju" (Inu) m'malo mwa "ti" (iwe) ndipo zimatengera kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ma verb forms. Womasulira ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ulemu wofotokozedwa m'Chichewa ukusungidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'Chialbania chopangidwacho.
Malangizo Othandiza Pakumasulira Kwabwino
Kuti ntchito yanu yomasulira ikhale yapamwamba komanso yosavuta kuwerenga kwa anthu olankhula Chialbania, tsatirani malangizo othandiza awa:
- Gwiritsani ntchito Chingerezi ngati chilankhulo cha mlatho (Bridge Language): Chifukwa chakuti madikishonare a Chichewa ndi Chialbania ndi osowa kwambiri kapena kulibe, womasulira angagwiritse ntchito Chingerezi ngati mlatho. Koma samalani kuti musatenge zolakwika kapena kapangidwe ka galamala ya Chingerezi n'kulowetsa m'Chialbania kapena m'Chichewa, chifukwa izi zitha kusokoneza tanthauzo ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka ziganizo.
- Funsani anthu olankhula chilankhulocho (Native Speakers): Pambuyo poti mwatanthauzira chikalata chilichonse, ndibwino kuti chikalatacho chiwonedwe ndi munthu amene chilankhulo chake chobadwa nacho ndi Chialbania kuti atsimikizire kuti mawuwo akumveka mwachilengedwe ndipo akugwirizana ndi galamala yawo, makamaka posankha mawu ogwirizana ndi ziganizo.
- Sinthani momwe ziganizo zilili: Musayese kusunga kapangidwe ka ziganizo za Chichewa ngati zingapangitse kuti Chialbania chimveke chachilendo kapena chosamveka bwino. Kukhala omasuka kusintha dongosolo la mawu ndiko kiyi ya kumasulira kolondola komanso kothandiza kwambiri.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zida za intaneti (Translation Memory Tools): Pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu monga SDL Trados kapena memoQ, mutha kusunga ziganizo zomwe mwamasulira kale kuti zikuthandizeni kukhala odalirika komanso osinthasintha panthawi imene mukumasulira zolemba zazikulu, komanso kusunga matanthauzo ofanana pa nthawi yonse ya ntchito.
Mapeto a Kupenda ndi Kukulitsa Maluso
Kutanthauzira Chichewa kupita m'Chialbania ndiko kulumikiza miyambo iwiri yosiyana kotheratu. Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri zokhudzana ndi galamala, kapangidwe ka mawu, ndi kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe, kudzipereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera za kumasulira kungathandize kupanga zolemba zolondola komanso zokondweretsa. Womasulira aliyense amene akufuna kuchita bwino pamsika umenewu ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kuphunzira nthawi zonse, kupitiriza kufufuza, komanso kumvetsetsa mozama miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu olankhula zilankhulo zonsezi kuti athe kukhala boraji yodalirika ya chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana.