បកប្រែ គីនីយ៉ារវ៉ាន់ដា ទៅ នីយ៉ា - អ្នកបកប្រែតាមអ៊ីនធឺណិតឥតគិតថ្លៃ និងវេយ្យាករណ៍ត្រឹមត្រូវ | ភាសាបារាំងបកប្រែ

Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Kinyanja (cyangwa Chichewa nk'uko cyitwa muri Malawi n'ibice bimwe na bimwe bya Zambiya) ni igikorwa gisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse mu kibonezamvugo, umuco, n'imiterere y'indimi zombi. Nubwo izi ndimi zombi zihurira ku kuba ari iz'umuryango mugari w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages), buri rurimi rufite umwihariko warwo n'amategeko yarwo yihariye agenga imyandikire n'imivugirwe. Iyi ngingo irasesengura mu buryo burambuye amategeko y'ibanze, inzitizi zikunze kugaragara mu buhinduzi bw'ibi rurimi byombi, ndetse n'inama zifatika zafasha abahinduzi b'indimi kubona umusaruro mwiza kandi w'umwuga unyura abasomyi.

Isano y'Indimi Zombi n'Ibyiciro by'Amazina (Noun Classes)

Kimwe mu bintu by'ibanze bigomba kwitwararikwa igihe uhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Kinyanja, ni isano iri hagati y'ibi rurimi byombi, cyane cyane ku birebana n'ibyiciro by'amazina (noun classes). Mu ndimi z'Abantu zose, amazina agabanyijemo ibyiciro bituma inshinga, ibihembo, n'ibinyazina bihuzwa mu nteruro mu buryo bw'ikibonezamvugo. Kurikira uru rugero rworoshye: mu Kinyarwanda, ijambo "umuntu" riri mu cyiciro cya mbere, naho mu Kinyanja rikaba "munthu". Mu Kinyarwanda tubwira ngo "umuntu mukuru yaje", mu Kinyanja bikaba "munthu wamkulu wafika".

Abahinduzi bagomba kwitonda cyane kuko nubwo ibyiciro by'amazina bihuye mu buryo bw'imyandikire y'amateka, udutangiriro tw'amazina (prefixes) dutandukanye cyane. Mu Kinyarwanda, dukoresha impagararirambere (pre-prefixes cyangwa augments) nka u- mu ijambo "umugabo", ariko mu Kinyanja nta augment ikoreshwa; bakoresha "mwamuna". Iri tandukaniro rituma imyubakire y'interuro ihinduka mu buryo bukomeye, maze bigasaba ko umuhinduzi aba maso cyane kugira ngo adakoresha imiterere y'ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyanja, kuko byatuma interuro zumvikana nka zidasanzwe cyangwa zitaboneye.

Imyubakire y'Inshinga n'Ibihe byazo (Verb Conjugation and Tenses)

Inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda n'iz'Ikinyanja zifite imiterere yo gukomatanya uduce tw'amagambo (agglutinative morphology), aho uduce twinshi tw'amagambo dukomatanyirizwa hamwe kugira ngo hashingwe inshinga imwe yuzuye. Aho dushyira intego y'ikigirwaho (object pronoun), igihe cy'igikorwa (tense marker), n'akaremajambo kerekana isubiramo cyangwa ubufatanye (verb extensions) hashobora guteza urujijo niba umuhinduzi atabyize neza akoresheje uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga n'ubw'ubwonko.

Mu Kinyarwanda, inshinga zifite ibihe byinshi byihariye birimo igihe cyashize cya kure n'igicishije. Mu Kinyanja na cyo, ibihe by'inshinga (tenses and aspects) bigabanyijemo uburyo butandukanye bugaragaza niba igikorwa kigikomeza (imperfective) cyangwa se cyararangiye (perfective). Nk'urugero, akarekajambo "nda-" mu Kinyarwanda gashobora kugaragaza igihe kigenda cyangwa icyerekezo, naho mu Kinyanja akaremajambo "-dza-" kakaba kagaragaza igihe kizaza. Iyo uhindura inyandiko, ugomba gusoma interuro yose ukumva umugambi wayo n'igihe nyacyo yavugiwemo mbere yo gushaka inyito y'inshinga ihuye neza mu Kinyanja.

Guhitamo Amagambo Akwiye n'Ibibazo by'Inkoranyamagambo (Vocabulary and Lexis)

Guhindura amagambo ku buryo buziguye (word-for-word translation) ni ryo kosa rikomeye abahinduzi batangiye bakunze gukora. Nubwo Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyanja bisangiye imizi y'amagambo menshi kubera inkomoko imwe y'indimi z'Abantu (proto-Bantu roots), hari amagambo menshi asa ariko afite ubusobanuro butandukanye cyane (false friends). Urugero, ijambo nk' "ikintu" mu Kinyarwanda risobanura ibintu bifatika cyangwa bitafatika, mu Kinyanja rikoreshwa nka "chinthu". Ariko, uburyo bikoreshwa mu nteruro n'indangagaciro zabyo bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'isano y'imvugo.

Ikindi kandi, Ikinyanja gikoresha amagambo menshi yakomotse mu Cyongereza n'Igiporutugali kubera amateka y'ubukononi muri Malawi, Zambiya, n'Mozambike. Mu Kinyarwanda, na cyo gikoresha amagambo yakomotse mu Gifaransa, Igiswahili, n'Icyongereza. Igihindurwa cyose kigomba kwitwararikwa izo nkomoko z'amagambo zikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi kugira ngo inyandiko ihinduwe yumvikane nk'iyanditswe n'umwenyegihugu w'umwuga (native speaker). Ibi bifasha inyandiko kuba ifite ubusobanuro buhamye kandi bworoshye gusomwa.

Ibibazo by'Umuco n'Imvugo z'Ikinyandagirisho (Idiomatic Expressions and Culture)

Umuco ni ryo shingiro ry'ururimi. Guhindura ku buryo bw'umwuga bisaba kutagarukira gusa ku magambo ahubwo no ku muco n'imico y'abaturage bavuga ururimi rw'intego (target language). Mu Kinyarwanda, hari imigani n'imivugirwe myinshi ishingiye ku nka, ubuhigi, n'imibanire y'abantu mu muryango. Mu Kinyanja na cyo, hari imigani n'imivugirwe ishingiye ku buroguzi, uburobyi, n'ibihingwa byaho n'imibereho y'abaturage mu cyaro.

Iyo ubonye imvugo nk'iyi mu Kinyarwanda: "Amashyo n'amashongore", ntabwo ugomba kuyihindura mu Kinyanja ugamije ubusobanuro bw'inyamaswa gusa. Ugomba gushaka imvugo ihuye n'iyo mu rurimi rw'Ikinyanja yerekana icyifuzo cy'amahoro n'uburumbuke, nk'ikoreshwa ry'amagambo arebana n'umuryango cyangwa amahoro ("mtendere" cyangwa "zamikhalidwe"). Ibi bifasha inyandiko kugira imbaraga n'ubworoherane bwo gusomwa ku buryo busanzwe kandi bikanyura umusomyi wese uzi ururimi neza.

Inama Zifatika Zafasha Abahinduzi B'indimi Zombi

Kugira ngo ugerere ku ntego yo guhindura inyandiko neza kandi ku buryo bw'umwuga, dore zimwe mu nama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:

• Soma umwandiko wose ubanze: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura ijambo ku rindi, banza usome umwandiko wose w'Ikinyarwanda kugira ngo umve neza umwimerere n'intego yawo.
• Koresha inkoranyamagambo z'indimi zombi: Mu gihe uhuye n'ijambo rishobora kugira ubusobanuro bwinshi, koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe z'Ikinyarwanda n'Ikinyanja kugira ngo ubone inyito ikwiye.
• Itondere amagambo ahuriweho: Ntugatware ibintu ngo kubera ko ijambo risa mu Kinyarwanda n'Ikinyanja rifite ubusobanuro bumwe. Banza ubyozereze neza.
• Soma ibyanditswe n'abandi: Buri gihe soma ibitabo, ibinyamakuru, cyangwa inyandiko zanditswe mu Kinyanja kugira ngo wige uko abavuga urwo rurimi bahuza amagambo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
• Kora isubiramo ry'inyandiko (Proofreading): Umaze guhindura, shaka undi muntu uvuga Ikinyanja nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko kugira ngo asome kandi akosore inyandiko yawe, arebe niba ifite umuvuduko mwiza w'imivugirwe.

Guhindura inyandiko kuva mu Kinyarwanda ujyana mu Kinyanja (Chichewa) ni inzira isaba kwihangana n'ubushakashatsi buhoraho. Iyo ukurikije amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, ugasobanukirwa n'itandukaniro ry'umuco, kandi ugakoresha inama z'inzobere, uboneraho inyandiko inyura abasomyi kandi ikaza mu myanya ya mbere mu moteri z'ishakiro (SEO) kubera gukoresha amagambo nyayo kandi akwiye mu nzego zose.