Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezivela kwiintsapho ezahluke ngokupheleleyo zeelwimi yenye yeendlela ezinomdla nezinocelomngeni kakhulu kwihlabathi loguqulelo. Oku kuyinyani ngokuzithoba xa sithetha ngoguqulelo ukusuka ngesiXhosa, ulwimi lwesiBantu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, ukuya ngesiBhosniya (Bosnian), ulwimi lwasemazantsi eSlavic oluthethwa kwiiBalkans. Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga ngokubanzi inkqubo yoguqulelo, umahluko wesakhiwo sentetho, iinkcukacha zenkcubeko ezifuna ingqalelo, kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzisekayo ezinceda abaguquleli ukuba bavelise umsebenzi okumgangatho ophezulu nowamkelekileyo.
Uhlalutyo Lomahluko Weklasi Nezintlu Zezibizo
IsiXhosa sisakhiwe phezu kwenkqubo yezintlu zezibizo (noun classes) ezilawula yonke isampulu yesivesi okanye isivakalisi ngesivumelwano sothungelwano (concordial agreement). Isibizo ngasinye siwela phantsi kwaye silawulwa kwenye yezintlu ezili-15 eziqhelekileyo, kwaye oku kunika isigama isakhiwo sayo esithile. Oku kuthetha ukuba isiphawulo, isenzi, kunye nezimelabizo zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kudidi lwesibizo esisetyenzisiweyo. Kwelinye icala, isiBhosniya sisebenzisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo esekwe kwiikesi (cases) ezisixhenxe ezaziwayo (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, kunye ne-instrumental). Ezi kesi zitshintsha izimamva zezibizo, iziphawulo, kunye nezithunywa-zibizo kuxhomekeke kwindima yazo esivakalisini okanye ubudlelane bazo nezinye iinxalenye zentetho.
Xa oguqulelayo ejongene nalo mahluko, kufuneka aqonde ukuba isenzo sesiXhosa esithwele isimelabizo sentshukumo nesivumelwano sekrasi asinakukhutshelwa ngqo ngolunye uhlobo ngaphandle kokuqonda indima yegrama yesiBhosniya. Oku kuthetha ukuba isivakalisi esilula sesiXhosa esithi "Abantwana bayadlala" (apho 'aba-' ikwintlu yokuqala yezibizo kwaye 'ba-' isisivumelwano) kuBhosniya siza kuguqulelwa sithethe ngesivakalisi esithi "Djeca se igraju". Apha, 'djeca' sisibizo esikwindlela yobuninzi kodwa esinemithetho ethile yegrama elawula isenzi. Umguquleli kufuneka abe neso elibukhali lokubona ezi nkcukacha ukuze angaphambanisi intsingiselo efunwayo.
Isakhiwo Sentetho: Isakhiwo Soguqulelo Kunye Nocwangciso Lwamagama
Nangona isiXhosa sisebenzisa isakhiwo sentetho esiqhelekileyo se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), sinoguqulelo oluninzi oluthembele kwizimelabizo nezixhobo zolwimi ezizisa iinkcukacha ngqo ngaphakathi kwisenzi, njengengcaciso yexesha (tenses) kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokwenzeka kwento. IsiBhosniya sikwasebenzisa isakhiwo se-SVO kodwa sinenkululeko engakumbi yocwangciso lwamagama (free word order) ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yeekesi icacisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ngubani owenza ntoni kwaye kubani. Oku kunika abaguquleli besiBhosniya ithuba lokutshintsha ucwangciso lwamagama ukwenzela ukugxininisa imiba ethile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yintsingiselo yentshusa.
Ukujongana noku, umguquleli kufuneka afunde ukuhlengahlengisa isakhiwo sesivakalisi sesiXhosa ukuze sihambelane nendlela yendalo yesiBhosniya. Ukukhuphela isivakalisi ngamagama amanye (literal translation) kungakhokelela kwisiphumo esingaqhelekanga nesingavakaliyo kumfundi wesiBhosniya. Ngoko ke, ukugxila kwintsingiselo yesivakalisi siphelele yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokwenza lo msebenzi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuya kufuneka uqale ngesenzi okanye isibizo esithile kuxhomekeke kwindlela umongo ohamba ngayo ngesiBhosniya, into engeyomfuneko ngesiXhosa.
Ukuguqulela Amatyala Enkcubeko Nezafobe Ezikhethekileyo
Inkcubeko idlala indima enkulu kwindlela ulwimi oluchaza ngayo ihlabathi. IsiXhosa sinembali etyebileyo yezithethe, imizekeliso, kunye namaqhalo asekwe kwindlela yokuphila yomthonyama, ezinxulumene nemfuyo, uluntu, kunye nentlonipho (uhlonipho). Ngokufanayo, isiBhosniya sinomxube okhethekileyo wembali ye-Slavic, impembelelo ye-Ottoman (esizisa amagama amaninzi avela kwi-Turkish ne-Arabic ngenxa yeembali zolawulo lwexesha elidlulileyo), kunye nempembelelo yaseYurophu.
Ukuba ufumana ibinzana lesiXhosa elithi "Ukusa amehlo", elithetha ukuba nomdla kakhulu okanye ukukhangela into engeyonkundla yakho, ukuliguqulela ngokoqobo kuye ngesiBhosniya (okuthi "odnijeti oči") akuyi kwenza ntsingiselo kwaphela kwaye kungadala umbhoxo nomlinganiselo ongalunganga kumfundi. Endaweni yoko, umguquleli kufuneka afune ibinzana elifanayo ngesiBhosniya elivakalisa imvakalelo efanayo okanye asebenzise inkcazo engqalileyo njenge "biti znatiželjan" (ukuba nomdla). Lo mba ubizwa ngokuba yi-transcreation, apho intsingiselo kunye neemvakalelo zombhali wentshusa zikhutshelwa kwisithethe esitsha ngaphandle kokonakalisa umyalezo ofunekayo ukugqithiswa.
Iingcebiso Eziphambili Zempumelelo Yoguqulelo Kwezi Lwimi Zombini
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakho woguqulelo ukusuka ngesiXhosa ukuya ngesiBhosniya uhambelana nemigangatho yobungcali kwaye ulungele ukusetyenziswa kwiinjini zokukhangela (SEO optimization), nazi iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzilandele rhoqo:
- Qonda Umxholo Nomongo (Contextual Analysis): Ungaze uguqulele amagama ngamanye ngaphandle kokuqonda umxholo jikelele wombhalo. Funda umbhalo uwonke, uhlaziye injongo yawo phambi kokuba uqale ukubhala uguqulelo lwakho lokuqala.
- Sebenzisa Izichazi-magama Ezikhethekileyo: Ngenxa yokuba ungekho unxibelelwano ngqo olwaneleyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini kwi-intanethi, sebenzisa isiNgesi njengelwimi elikhongozayo (bridge language). Qinisekisa ukuba ujonge intsingiselo yamagama kwiinkqubo zombini ukuze ugweme impazamo.
- Hlonipha Iithoni Nomoya Wombhalo (Register and Tone): Ukuba umbhalo wentshusa ubaluleke kakhulu okanye usesikweni, qinisekisa ukuba isiphumo ngesiBhosniya sisebenzisa iirejista ezifanelekileyo zembeko (ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe- "Vi" endaweni ye- "ti" kwiimeko ezisesikweni nembeko).
- Hlela Kwaye Uhlaziye Ngokukhuselekileyo: Emva kokugqiba uguqulelo, shiya umbhalo ixesha elithile uze ubuyele kuwo ngeliso elitsha ukuze ulungise iimpazamo zopelo, igrama, kunye nesakhiwo sentetho esingaqhelekanga esibangelwa kukungqamana kweelwimi ezimbini.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezixhobo Zamva Nje Koguqulelo Neteknoloji
Kweli xesha langoku lokuhambela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, abaguquleli banokuzuza kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zeteknoloji ezifana ne-CAT tools (Computer-Assisted Translation tools) kunye neenkqubo ze-Translation Memory (TM). Nangona ezi nkqubo zisenokungabina datha eninzi ngqo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiBhosniya, ukuzisebenzisa ngendlela eyakhayo ngokudibanisa isiNgesi njengelulwimi lesibini kunceda ekugcineni ukungaguquguquki kwesigama esisetyenziswayo, ngakumbi kwimibhalo yezobuchwepheshe, yezomthetho, okanye yezonyango.
Ukongeza koku, kubalulekile ukuba nentsebenziswano esondeleyo nabathethi bomthonyama beelwimi zombini. Ukuphononongwa komsebenzi ngomnye umntu (peer review) yeyona ndlela efanelekileyo yokufumanisa iimpazamo ezifihlakeleyo, iitoni ezingachanekanga, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo sokugqibela sifundeka lula, sihamba kakuhle, kwaye sivakala njengento ebhalwe ngqo ngalo lwimi lufunekayo ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuba luhlobo oluguqulelweyo.
Isiphelo Semigudu Yokuguqulela
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiBhosniya kudinga isakhono esiphezulu somntu onolwazi olunzulu ngeelwimi zombini, kungekhona nje isigama sodwa, kodwa kunye nendalo yenkcubeko nembali. Ngokulandela ezi ndlela kunye nokuzinikela ekufundeni iinkcukacha ezifihlakeleyo zolwimi ngalunye, abaguquleli banokwakha amabhulorho aqinileyo oqhakamshelwano phakathi kwezi miphakathi mibini yohlukeneyo nefana ngokutyeba kweelwimi zayo nembali emangalisayo.