Isano iri hagati y'indimi z'Afurika n'iz'i Burayi ikomeje kwiyongera bitewe n'ubucuruzi, uburezi, n'ikoranabuhanga. Mu ndimi zikoreshwa cyane, Ikinyarwanda, ururimi rwa Bantu ruvugwa n'abantu barenga miliyoni cumi na zibiri muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, n'Igiporutugali, ururimi rw'Abaroma ruvugwa n'abantu barenga miliyoni magana abiri na mirongo itanu ku isi yose (cyane cyane muri Burezili, Porutugali, Angola, na Mozambike), bifite imiterere itandukanye cyane. Guhindura inyandiko ku Kinyarwanda ujya mu Giporutugali ntibigendera gusa ku guhindura ijambo ku rindi; bisaba kumva neza amategeko y'ikibonezamvugo, imico y'abaturage, ndetse n'uburyo bwihariye bwo kubaka interuro muri buri rurimi.
Itandukaniro ry'Ibanze hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiporutugali
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi ke neza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza aho izi ndimi zombi zitandukaniye mu miterere yazo y'ibanze. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw'imigereka (agglutinative language) aho inshinga imwe ishobora kwakira uturemajambo twinshi twerekana inteko y'izina, igihe, uburyo, n'icyerekezo. Mu Giporutugali, ikibonezamvugo kigendera cyane ku gutondagura inshinga hashingiwe ku bihe bitandukanye (tenses) ndetse n'uburyo bw'inshinga (moods), kandi buri zina rigira igitsina cyaryo (igitsina gabo cyangwa igitsina gore).
Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina abarirwa mu nteko z'amazina (noun classes) zigera ku nteko cumi na zirindwi cyangwa cumi n'umunani. Buri nteko igena uburyo inshinga, ibinyazina, n'ibishingirwaho bikurikira iryo zina bizahura na ryo (concord/agreement). Mu Giporutugali ho, amazina agabanywamo ibitsina bibiri gusa: igitsina gabo (masculino) n'igitsina gore (feminino). Uku guhinduka kuva mu nteko z'amazina nyinshi ujya mu bitsina bibiri gusa guhagarika umutima abahinduzi cyane, kuko bisaba guhuza ibitekerezo bituruka mu rurimi rufite imiterere igoye cyane y'inteko ukabishyira mu rurimi rufite amategeko y'ibitsina ahindura n'ingereka z'ibihe.
Imvune n'Ibibazo by'Ikibonezamvugo mu Buhinduzi
Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu guhindura inyandiko ku Kinyarwanda ujya mu Giporutugali ni iyerekeye gutondagura inshinga (verb conjugation). Mu Giporutugali, buri nshinga igira amaherezo atandukanye hashingiwe ku muntu uyikora (eu, tu, ele/ela, nós, vós, eles/elas) ndetse n'igihe ibikorwa bibera. Ibi bitandukanye n'Ikinyarwanda aho inshinga yubakwa hifashishijwe uduce (prefixes and suffixes) dufatanywa ku muzi w'inshinga. Umuhinduzi agomba kwitonda kugira ngo atagongana n'igihe gihamye inyandiko y'Ikinyarwanda yashakaga kwerekana, kuko mu Kinyarwanda habaho ibihe bya hafi cyane (nk'ikiri kuba ubu, ikihita, n'ikizaza cya hafi) bidafite isano ya hafi n'ibihe byo mu Giporutugali.
Ikindi kibazo kigaragara ni icy'inyajwi n'inyuguti zifatanywa. Mu Kinyarwanda, iyo amagambo afatanye habaho ihuzajwi (elision and coalescence) aho inyajwi zimwe zishobora kuvaho cyangwa zigahinduka iyo zihuye n'izindi. Ibi bitandukanye n'Igiporutugali kuko cyo cyandikwa mu magambo atandukanye nubwo mu kuyavuga hashobora kubaho ihuzajwi. Kurugero, interuro nk'iyi: "Umwana arakora inshingano ze" ihindurwa mu Giporutugali nka "A criança está a fazer os seus deveres" cyangwa "A criança está fazendo as suas tarefas". Aha hagaragara ko umuhinduzi agomba gushishoza akareba niba akoresha Igiporutugali cyo muri Burezili (Gerúndio: fazendo) cyangwa icyo muri Porutugali (Infinito gerundival: a fazer).
Guhuza Inyandiko n'Umuco (Localization and Cultural Context)
Umuco w'Abanyarwanda urungikwamo amagambo menshi afite ibisobanuro byimbitse bijyanye n'amateka, imibereho, n'imigenzo. Imigani n'imivugo y'Ikinyarwanda ni bimwe mu bigoye guhindura mu Giporutugali kuko ibisobanuro byabyo bitagendera ku magambo akoreshejwe gusa. Kurugero, umugani nk'uwerekana ko "Umututsi umwe ntabara amayugi" cyangwa "Nta wutwaza umukuru inkoni" bisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse bw'umuco w'u Rwanda kugira ngo ubashe kubisobanura mu Giporutugali utaguye mu mutega w'ubuhinduzi bugarukira ku magambo gusa (literal translation).
Muri iki kibazo, umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza inyandiko n'umuco (localization). Aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi, umuhinduzi ashobora gushaka umugani cyangwa imvugo ikoreshwa mu Giporutugali ifite igitekerezo nka cya kindi cy'Ikinyarwanda. Niba nta mvugo isa n'iyo ihari, biba ngombwa ko umuhinduzi atanga ibisobanuro by'inyongezo (explanatory translation) cyangwa agasobanura igitekerezo gihishe mu buryo bworoshye kandi bwumvikana ku musomyi w'Umu-Portuguese.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi n'Abakoresha b'Ibihembo
Kugira ngo ugere ku buhinduzi bwiza kandi butanga umusaruro ufatika, dore zimwe mu nama z'ingenzi ugomba gukurikiza:
- Soma cyane inyandiko z'indimi zombi: Umuhinduzi mwiza ni usoma ibitabo, ibinyamakuru, n'inyandiko z'amategeko mu Kinyarwanda no mu Giporutugali. Ibi bimufasha kumenya amagambo mashya n'uburyo akoreshwa mu nteruro zitandukanye.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zizewe: Ntiwishingikirize ku mashine zihindura gusa (nk'ikoranabuhanga rya Google Translate cyangwa DeepL). Nubwo aya matara afasha mu kwihutisha akazi, ntabwo yagera ku rwego rwo kumva neza uburyo bw'umuco n'ikibonezamvugo cyimbitse.
- Menya aho inyandiko izasomerwa: Mbere yo gutangira guhindura, banza umenye niba inyandiko igenewe abasomyi bo muri Burezili, Porutugali, Angola, cyangwa Mozambike. Igiporutugali gikoreshwa muri ibi bihugu gifite amagambo atandukanye n'imyandikire itandukanye mu buryo bumwe na bumwe.
- Kosora inyandiko yawe inshuro nyinshi: Iyo urangije guhindura, banza uruhuke hanyuma ugaruke usome inyandiko yawe ufite ubwenge burutse. Ibi bituma ubona amakosa y'imyandikire n'interuro zitatunganye neza.
- Gisha inama abandi bahinduzi: Iyo uhuye n'ijambo cyangwa interuro igoye, gisha inama inzobere z'abanyamahanga cyangwa abandi bahinduzi bafite ubumenyi buhagije mu ndimi zombi.
Iterambere ry'Ikoranabuhanga n'Akazi k'Abahinduzi
Muri iki gihe cy'iterambere ry'ubwenge bw'ubukorano (Artificial Intelligence), ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura indimi rikomeje gutera imbere. Gusa, ku ndimi nka Kinyarwanda zitaragira amakuru menshi kuri interineti (low-resource languages), ikoranabuhanga riracyagowe no gukora ubuhinduzi butagira amakosa menshi y'ikibonezamvugo iyo bihindurwa mu ndimi nka Giporutugali. Ibi bisobanura ko uruhare rw'umuhinduzi w'umuntu rukiri runini cyane kandi rukaba rukenewe cyane kugira ngo inyandiko zibemo ukuri, ibisobanuro byumvikana, n'ubusizi bw'ururimi ruboneye.
Umuhinduzi ukorera hagati y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igiporutugali agomba kubona iri terambere nk'amahirwe yo kwiga no gukoresha ibikoresho bya mudasobwa (CAT Tools) kugira ngo yongere umuvuduko w'akazi ke, ariko agafata umwanya uhagije wo gukora imirimo yo gukosora no gusubiramo inyandiko (post-editing) kugira ngo yubahirize amategeko y'indimi zombi n'umuco w'abasomyi babo.