Ko te whakawhiti reo i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Werehi (Cymraeg) he huarahi motuhake e tūhono ana i ngā reo taketake e rua o te ao. Ahakoa kei ngā taha rerekē o te ao ēnei reo e rua—ko te reo Māori nō te whānau reo Ahitonihia (Austronesian) i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko te reo Werehi nō te whānau reo Koutu (Celtic) i te Ūropi—he nui ngā hononga ā-wetereo, ā-ahurea hoki e whakamere ana i te mahi a te kaiwhakawhiti reo. Ma tenei aratohu pūtaiao e whakaatu ngā tikanga, ngā wero, me ngā tūtohutanga matua mō te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti kōrero i waenga i ēnei reo whakamiharo e rua.
Ko te Wetereo VSO: He Tikanga Wetereo Aropā
Ko tētahi o ngā tino āhuatanga e tūhono ana i te reo Māori me te reo Werehi, ko te hanganga o te rerenga kōrero. He reo VSO (Verb-Subject-Object) ēnei reo e rua, ko te tikanga ka tīmata te rerenga kōrero ki te kupu mahi, ka whai mai te kaupapa, kātahi ka whai mai te mea ka mahia. He tino rerekē tēnei ki te reo Ingarihi, he reo SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Nā tēnei hanganga aropā i ngā reo e rua, he māmā ake te whakawhiti i te hanganga matua o ngā rerenga kōrero me te kore e whakarerekē i te raupapa o te whakaaro pēnei i te whakarerekē ki te reo Ingarihi.
Hei tauira, i te reo Māori, ka kī tātou: "Kei te kai te tamaiti i te aporo" (Kupu Mahi: Kei te kai, Kaupapa: te tamaiti, Ara: i te aporo). I te reo Werehi, he rite tonu te hanganga matua: "Mae'r tamaiti yn bwyta'r afal". Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo, he painga nui tēnei na te mea ka taea te mau tonu i te rere ngāwari me te tārai o te reo taketake i roto i te reo e whai ake ana. Heoi ano, he mea nui kia aro nui ki ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā momo kupu mahi me ngā tūpoto wetereo e whai ake nei.
Ngā Wero o te Whakawhiti Reo: Ngā Whakawhitinga Oro (Initial Mutations)
Ahakoa te orotahi o te raupapa kupu, he maha ngā ariā wetereo o te reo Werehi karekau i roto i te reo Māori. Ko tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo Māori ko te "treigladau" (consonant mutations) i te reo Werehi. He panoni tēnei i te reta tuatahi o tētahi kupu i runga i te ahua o te kupu e tū ana i tōna taha. E toru ngā momo panoni matua i te reo Werehi: te panoni ngāwari (soft mutation), te panoni ihu (nasal mutation), me te panoni wawharua (aspirate mutation).
Kāhore he panoni reta pēnei i te reo Māori, ahakoa he rerekē ngā papakupu me ngā kupu hono (pēnei i te "i", "ki", "hei", "me"). Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo, he mea nui te mārama pū ki te takoto o te kupu i te reo Werehi kia kore ai e hē te tangi me te tikanga o te kupu ina whakatakotoria ki te tuhinga. Me mātua whakarite he pai te pūkenga wetereo Werehi o te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki te whiriwhiri i te panoni tika mō ia kupu.
Ko ngā Tātai o te Wetereo: Te Ira tangata me te Tokomaha
Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui ko te ira tangata (gender) o ngā tūpoto/tūingoa. I te reo Werehi, he ira tangata tō ngā tūingoa katoa (tāne, wāhine rānei). Ka pā tēnei ira tangata ki ngā tūāhua me ngā tuhinga e whai ana i te kupu. I te reo Māori, kāhore he ira tangata o ngā tūingoa (haunga ngā mea kōrero mō ngā tangata ake, pēnei i te hoa tāne, hoa wāhine rānei, engari karekau te ira tangata e pā ki te wetereo whānui). Ma tēnei ka mātua mōhio te kaiwhakawhiti me pēhea te tūhono i te kupu Māori ki te kupu Werehi tika e whai ana i tōna ira tangata ake.
Waihoki, he rerekē te titiro a ēnei reo ki te maha (plurality). Ko te reo Māori e whakamahi ana i te kupu "ngā" (hei tauira, "te whare" ki te "ngā whare"). I te reo Werehi, ka huri te kupu tonu mā te tāpiri hiku, mā te panoni oro rānei (pēnei i te "tŷ" hei "tai"). Me tino mataara te kaiwhakawhiti reo ki ēnei momo huringa kia mau tonu te whai kiko me te tika o te tuhinga ina whakawhitia ki te reo Werehi.
Te Whakawhiti i ngā Tikanga me ngā Ariā Ahurea
Ko te whakawhiti reo ehara i te mea noa iho ki te huri i ngā kupu; he whakawhiti ahurea, he whakawhiti wairua hoki. He reo tino ahurea te reo Māori, e kī ana i ngā ariā motuhake pēnei i te "mana", te "tapu", te "whanaungatanga", te "kaitiakitanga", me te "tino rangatiratanga". He tino uaua ki te kimi kupu ko tahi i te reo Werehi hei whakakapi mō ēnei ariā Māori.
Heoi, he reo taketake ano te reo Werehi he nui tōna hononga ki te whenua, ki te hapori, me ngā kōrero purākau. Hei tauira, kei te reo Werehi te kupu "hiraeth" (he mamae wairua mō te kainga e kore e taea te hoki atu, he hiahia ranei ki tētahi kainga kāhore i te tīariari), te kupu "cynefin" (te wāhi e rongo ai koe i te aronga o te kainga me te wāhi motuhake o tō tūrangawaewae), me te kupu "awen" (te wairua auaha me te whakamanawa poetic). Mō te kaiwhakawhiti reo Māori, ko te huarahi pai rawa atu ko te "transcreation" (te whakawhiti auaha). Ma te whakamahi i ngā kupu pēnei i te "cynefin" hei whakaata i te ariā o te "tūrangawaewae" e whakaatu ana i te hononga hōhonu i waenga i ngā ahurea e rua, me te whakarite kia mārama pai te hunga pānui Werehi ki te wairua o te tuhinga Māori taketake.
He Tohutohu Matua mō ngā Kaiwhakawhiti Reo
- Arohia te Wairua o te Rerenga: Kaua e whakawhiti kupu-ki-te-kupu noa. Nā te mea he rite te raupapa VSO, he māmā ake te whakarite kia rere te wairua o te kōrero, engari me aro nui ki te whānuitanga o te tikanga.
- Whakamahia ngā Kupu Ahurea Rite: I te wa e whakawhiti ana i ngā ariā hōhonu, me rapu i ngā kupu Werehi e whai wairua rite ana (pēnei i te hononga o te cynefin ki te tūrangawaewae) hei utu mo ngā whakamārama roa e whakararu ana i te rere o te tuhinga.
- Pupuri i te Rōnakatanga (Rhythm): Ko ngā reo e rua he reo waiata, he reo kōrero ā-waha. Kia matua whakarite he pai te rōnakatanga o te tuhinga Werehi e puta ana, kia rite tonu tōna reka ki to te reo Māori taketake.
- Pātai ki ngā Kaiwhakamahi taketake: Me mahi tahi ki ngā mātanga reo Werehi hei whakaū i te tika o ngā panoni oro me ngā ira tangata, nā te mea he ngāwari noa te hē o te tuhi mēnā karekau te kaiwhakawhiti e noho tata ki te hapori korero Werehi.
Te Whakamutunga me te Anga Whakamua
Ko te whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Werehi he huarahi whakarangatira i ngā reo taketake e rua. Ko te aroha ki te whenua, te piringa ki te hapori, me te wetereo VSO ngā tino pou e whakatata ana i ēnei reo ahakoa te tawhiti ā-papa o te ao. Mā te whai i ngā aratohu wetereo me te whakamahi i te whakawhiti auaha, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakawhiti reo te hanga tūhono kaha, te tiaki i te wairua taketake, me te whakaatu i te ataahua o ēnei reo e rua ki te ao katoa. Anei te anga whakamua mō te whanaketanga o ngā tuhinga whakawhiti reo taketake.