Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lokunxibelelana ngezoshishino kunye nenkcubeko, ukuguqulela iilwimi ezimbini ezoahluke ngokupheleleyo njengesiXhosa nesiJapani ngomnye weyona miceli-mngeni mikhulu kubaguquleli. IsiXhosa, esisisinye seelwimi ezisemthethweni zaseMzantsi Afrika, silulwimi oluhambelana nesakhiwo se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), apho isenzi silandela umenzi ze silandelwe ngumenziwa. Kwelinye icala, isiJapani silandela isakhiwo se-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), apho isenzi sihlala sibekwa ekugqibeleni kwesivesi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umguquleli kufuneka aqonde ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yesivesi sonke ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukuguqulela, kuba isenzi, esona sithwala intsingiselo yesenzo, sivela kuphela ekugqibeleni kwesivesi sesiJapani.
Ukwahluka Kwezakhiwo Zezivesi: SVO vs SOV
IsiXhosa singolunye lweelwimi ezithandwayo kakhulu emMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siphantsi kweelwimi zeBantu ezaziwa ngesakhiwo se-SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Kule nkqubo, izivesi zakhiwa ngendlela efanayo nezinye iilwimi ezininzi zasentshona, apho umenzi aqala aze isenzi silandele, size isenzo sigqityelwe ngumenziwa. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithi "Umfundi ufunda incwadi", isakhiwo sijongeka ngolu hlobo: "Umfundi" (Subject), "ufunda" (Verb), "incwadi" (Object). Oku kwenza ukuba ulandelelwano lweengcinga lube lula kwaye luye ngqo phambili.
Nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga isiJapani, sifumana imeko eyahluke ngokupheleleyo. IsiJapani silulwimi olusebenzisa isakhiwo se-SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Kwesi sakhiwo, isenzi siza njalo ekugqibeleni kwesivesi. Ukuba sithetha isivesi esingasentla ngesiJapani, sitsalela ekubeni sithi: "Umfundi incwadi ufunda" (Student book reads). Le nguqu yesakhiwo ifuna ukuba umguquleli ube nengqondo ekhawulezayo nefumana intsingiselo epheleleyo yombhalo ngaphambi kokuba abhale igama lokuqala ngolwimi olujoliswe kulo. Uguqulelo lwesiXhosa oluya kwisiJapani lufuna ukuba kuphulukanwe nendlela eqhelekileyo yokucinga ngolwimi lokuzalwa, ze kulandwe inkqubo yaseMpuma Asia apho izenzo zixhonywa ekugqibeleni. Oku kwenza ukuba uncwadi lomatshini olukhoyo namhlanje lusilele kakhulu kolu guqulelo kuba alukwazi ukuhlela kakuhle olu lungelelaniso lwezivesi.
Indima Yamasuntswana Egrama Nezivumelanisi
IsiXhosa saziwa ngokuba lulwimi olusebenzisa kakhulu izimaphambili nezikhonkwane zeklasi yezibizo (noun class prefixes and concords). Izibizo zabelwa kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo (ezifana neklasi 1/2 yabantu, iklasi 3/4 yezinto, njalo-njalo), kwaye isenzi kufuneka sivumelane neso sibizo sisebenzisa isivumelanisi sentloko. Oku kwenza ukuba isiXhosa sibe yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yovumelaniso lwegrama, apho intsingiselo yegama inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisimaphambili esisetyenzisiweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba isenzi sesiXhosa sibe neenkcukacha ezininzi malunga nomenzi nomenziwa.
Ngakolunye icala, isiJapani asinalo udidi lwezibizo njengesiXhosa, kodwa sithembele kakhulu kwamasuntswana egrama abizwa ngokuba zii-"particles" okanye "joshi". Ezi particles zifana no-"wa" (umbonisi wesihloko okanye topic marker), "ga" (umbonisi womenzi okanye subject marker), "o" (umbonisi womenziwa ngqo okanye direct object marker), kunye no-"ni" (umbonisi wendawo okanye wexesha). Ezi particles zibekwa emva kwesibizo ukuchaza indima yaso esivesini. Umguquleli osuka kwisiXhosa kufuneka achaneke kakhulu ekukhetheni amasuntswana afanelekileyo, kuba impazamo encinci ekukhetheni phakathi kuka-"wa" kunye no-"ga" inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo igxininiso lesivesi, iwise isandi sendalo sembhalo, okanye idale ukudideka okukhulu kumfundi waseJapani.
Inkqubo Yokubhala Neenkqubo Zentlonipho Ezahlukeneyo (Keigo)
Enye yeengongoma ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqondwe ngumguquleli yinkqubo yokubhala yaseJapani. Ngelixa isiXhosa sisebenzisa i-alfabethi yeLatin eyaziswa ngexesha lobukoloniyali nophuhliso lweelwimi zasentshona, isiJapani sisebenzisa iinkqubo zokubhala ezintathu ezohlukeneyo: iKanji (amapawu athathwe kwisiTshayina amele iingqikelelo namagama), iHiragana (isigama saseJapani soqobo kunye negrama), kunye neKatakana (esetyenziselwa ukubhala amagama aphuma kwezinye iilwimi). Kubaguquleli abaguqulela isiXhosa, oku kuthetha ukuba amagama enkcubeko afana no-"imbeleko", "ulwaluko", okanye "ilobola" azukuba nawo amagama afanayo kwisiJapani. Apha kulapho umguquleli kufuneka asebenzise iKatakana ukubhala indlela la magama avakala ngayo (isandi sokoqobo), ze alandise ngengcaciso emfutshane kwisibiyeli esisebenzisa iHiragana okanye iKanji.
Ukongeza koku, neentlobo zentlonipho zidlala indima enkulu. KwesiXhosa, sikhona isiko lokuhlonipha (elibizwa ngokuba ngukumela okanye ukuhlonipha ngamagama athile), apho abafazi okanye abantu abatsha basebenzisa amagama athile ukubonisa intlonipho kubantu abadala okanye kwindlu yendoda. KwisiJapani, le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba yi-"Keigo" (formal/honorific language). I-Keigo inamazinga amathathu aphambili: iTeineigo (intlonipho eqhelekileyo), iSonkeigo (intlonipho ephakamileyo esetyenziswa xa kuthethwa ngomnye umntu okanye umthengi), kunye neKenjougo (intlonipho yokuzithoba esetyenziswa xa uthetha ngawe okanye ngezinto zakho). Ukungakwazi ukukhetha inqanaba elifanelekileyo le-Keigo xa kuguqulelwa umbhalo wesiXhosa kungabangela ukuba umbhalo ubonakale ungahloniphiyo okanye ungcolile ngokwamasiko aseJapani.
Iziphoso Eziqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokuziphepha
Enye yezona ziphoso zixhaphakileyo xa kuguqulelwa ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiJapani kuguqulelo lwegama negama (literal translation). Ngenxa yokuba isiXhosa sityebile ngezatsho, amaqhalo, kunye nemizekeliso (idiomatic expressions and proverbs), ukuziguqulela ngqo kwisiJapani kungabangela ukuba isivesi singavakali kwaphela okanye sibe nentsingiselo eyahlukileyo nerhabaxa. Ngokomzekelo, isatsho esithi "ukubamba ngazo zombini" (ukubulela kakhulu okanye ukwamkela ngezandla ezibini) asinakuguqulelwa kwisiJapani ngokuthi "ukubamba ngezandla ezibini" ngokwendlela yokoqobo, kodwa kufuneka sifunelwe isatsho esilinganayo kwisiJapani esithetha ukubulela okunzulu okanye ukwamkela ngezandla ezishushu.
Kukwabalulekile ukuba umguquleli aqonde ukuba isiJapani lulwimi oluxhomekeke kakhulu kumongo (high-context language). Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu baseJapani bayawushiya umenzi (subject) wesivesi xa esaziwa, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kwisiXhosa apho umenzi ehlala eboniswa ngesivumelanisi sentloko kunesenzi ngokwaso. Ukugcina umenzi kuso sonke isivesi kwisiJapani kwenza ukuba isincoko sivakale singenazinza kwaye singafanelekanga kwaphela kubafundi baseJapani.
Uguqulelo Lwenkcubeko Nokusetyenziswa Kwe-Transcreation
Eyona nselele inkulu kuguqulelo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesiJapani kukungabikho kofano lweenkcubeko. IsiXhosa sinembali enziwe yintlalo yoluntu, ubudlelwane beentsapho, unxibelelwano kunye nezinyanya (ancestors), neenqobo zasekuhlaleni. Kwelinye icala, isiJapani sithotyelwe luluntu olusekelwe kwimigaqo ye-Buddhism, i-Shintoism, nenkcubeko yezenzo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nentlonipho egqithileyo yendawo yokuhlala neyamaqumrhu.
Xa ujongene nembhalo equka inkolelo zesiXhosa, uguqulelo lwegama negama alusebenzi. Indlela elula kukusebenzisa i-Transcreation—inkqubo yokubhala kabusha umyalezo ngendlela ehambelana nenkcubeko entsha ngelixa ugcina umoya wentlandolo. Ngokomzekelo, iingqikelelo ezifana ne-"Ubuntu" (ubuntu bubuntu ngabantu) zineengcambu ezinzulu kwinkcubeko yamaXhosa kwaye ziquka iimilinganiselo zoluntu, uvelwano, kunye nentsebenziswano. KwisiJapani, kukho iingqikelelo ezifanayo kodwa ezahlukileyo njenge-"Wa" (harmony/imvisiswano yoluntu) kunye ne-"Omoi-yari" (uvelwano nokucingela abanye). Umguquleli olungileyo kumele abe yibhulorho yale mihlaba mibini, aqonde indlela efanelekileyo yokugqithisa umyalezo ngaphandle kokulahla umxholo wobuntu nenkcubeko yamaXhosa.
Amaqhinga Ancedayo Okuguqulela Ngempumelelo
- Khangela umongo wentetho: Ngaphambi kokuba ugqithisele igama ngalinye, qonda isizathu sokuba umbhali asebenzise lawo magama kwisiXhosa.
- Lula izivesi eziyinkimbinkimbi: IsiXhosa sithetha kakhulu ngezigama ezongezelelweyo, kodwa kwisiJapani ukuba mfutshane kwaye ucace lolona luvo lwamkelekileyo.
- Qalisa ngohlaziyo lwegrama yesiJapani: Kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli abe nesiseko esiluqilima egrameni yesiJapani, ingakumbi ekuqondeni ukusetyenziswa kwamasuntswana nentlonipho.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo zokulungisa imibhalo: Emva kokuguqulela, yenza ukuba umbhalo uhlolwe ngumntu osithethi sakho isiJapani (native speaker) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba uvakala njengombhalo obhalwe eJapani.
- Hlonipha iindlela zokuziphatha zaseJapani: Qiniseka ukuba imikhwa, izatsho, neendlela zentlonipho zilungiselelwe ngokusemthethweni ngokungqinelana nesihloko sombhalo wakho.
Uguqulelo olusuka kwisiXhosa oluya kwisiJapani luyinkqubo ethatha ixesha nengqondo ebanzi, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ezi zicwangciso nezi ndlela, ungakwazi ukuhambisa umyalezo wakho ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo ngendlela eza kuhlaziya intsebenziswano yamasiko neelwimi phakathi kwala mazwe mabini.