Ukuqonda Umlando Wezilimi Zombili Nolwakheko Lwazo
Ukuhumusha phakathi kwesiZulu nesiShayina (isiMandarin) kumelela elinye lamabhuloho olimi abaluleke kakhulu namuhla, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ubudlelwano bezomnotho, bezamasiko, nabezepolitiki obuphakathi kweNingizimu Afrika neShayina. Uhlelo lwezilimi zombili luhluke ngokuphelele, ngoba isiZulu silimi sesiBantu sasemndeni wakwaNguni esisetshenziswa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, kuyilapho isiShayina singenye yezilimi ezinkulu zomndeni weSino-Tibetan esetshenziswa eShayina nasezindaweni eziningi zase-Asia. Lezi zilimi zombili zinemilando ehlukene, izinhlelo zokubhala ezahlukene, nezindlela ezihlukene zokuvezwa kwemicabango, okwenza umsebenzi wokuhumusha ube yingcweti edinga ukucophelela okukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuguqulweni kwemibhalo yezebhizinisi, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nemibhalo yezemfundo.
Uhlelo lolimi lwesiZulu lusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwamazwi (agglutination), lapho iziqalo nezijobelelo zengezwa ezimpandeni zamagama ukuze kuvezwe isikhathi, inkathi, isivumelwano sikabhajekthi, nencazelo. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi igama elilodwa lesiZulu likwazi ukumela umusho wonke wesiNgisi noma wesiShayina. Ngokungafani nesiZulu, isiShayina silimi oluhlukanisayo (isolating language) lapho igama ngalinye noma uhlamvu (Hanzi) lumele umqondo owodwa, futhi uhlelo lolimi luncike ekulandelaneni kommahluko wamagama emshweni kunesimo sabo sokuguquguquka. NgesiShayina akukho ukushintshwa kwesiqu segama ukuze kuvezwe ubulili noma ubuqembu bezigaba zamabizo. Lo mehluko wokwakheka udinga ukuthi umhumushi abe nekhono lokuhlehlisa nokuphinda ahlele imisho ukuze igcine umqondo ofanele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yincazelo, okuwumsebenzi odinga ulwazi olujulile lwe-linguistics.
Izinselelo Zohlelo Lokubhala Nemisindo (Phonetics and Writing Systems)
IsiZulu sisebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama ezijwayelekile zesiLatini (Latin alphabet), kanti isiShayina sisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezibukwayo ze-logographic ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-Hanzi. Uhlamvu ngalinye lwesiShayina lungaphinyiselwa ngamathoni ahlukene amane (kanye nethoni engathathi hlangothi), kanti amathoni ahlukene angashintsha incazelo yegama ngokuphelele. Noma isiZulu naso sinethoni engashintsha incazelo yamagama athile, indlela amathoni asetshenziswa ngayo ngesiShayina iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi idinga ukucophelela okukhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kuguqulelwa umbhalo ophephile uya olimini olukhulunywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigaba zamabizo zesiZulu zidinga ukuthi umhumushi aqonde ukuthi amabizo ahlelwa kanjani futhi lokho kuguqulela kanjani ezinhlamvwini zesiShayina ezingenawo ubulili noma izigaba zamabizo kuphela kodwa ezisebenzisa izilinganiso (measure words) ezihlukahlukene kuye ngento okukhulunywa ngayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umhumushi abe nolwazi olunzulu ngamasiko wendabuko aseShayina ukuze akhethe kahle lezi zilinganiso ngaphandle kokwenza amaphutha anengqondo.
Ukuhumusha Amasiko Nezinkulumo Ezingathandeki kalula (Idioms and Cultural Transcreation)
Ukuhumusha izaga nezisho zesiZulu kuyinselele emangalisayo. Izaga zesiZulu zibambe umoya nomlando wabantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika. Isibonelo, uma uthi "inyathi ibuzwa kwabaphambili," usho ukuthi iseluleko kumele sifunwe kubantu abanolwazi noma asebemnkantshubomvu. Uma uhumushela lokhu ngesiShayina ngqo (igama negama), kungase kuhunyushwe ngokuthi ukubuza inyathi kubantu abangaphambili, okuyinto engeke izwakale nhlobo kubantu baseShayina. NgesiShayina, kunzima ukuthola isisho esifana ncamashi, kodwa kukhona izisho zabo zomlando (Chengyu) ezinomqondo ofanayo. Umhumushi osezingeni eliphezulu kumele afune isisho somlinganiso ngesiShayina esidlulisa umqondo ofanayo nemizwa efanayo yesiZulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-transcreation, okuyinqubo lapho umhumushi engahumushi nje amagama kodwa ehumusha umoya namasiko ombhalo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, umbhalo ungalahlekelwa ngamandla nethoni yomdabu, okuyinto engathandeki neze kubafundi abafuna ukuzwa ubuhle bolimi lwesiZulu ngolimi lwesiShayina.
Inqubo Yesinyathelo Ngesinyathelo Yokuhumusha Okusezingeni Eliphezulu
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wokuhumusha uhamba kahle futhi uba nekhwalithi ephezulu, kunconywa ukulandela le nqubo ehlelekile elandelayo:
- 1. Ukuhlaziya Nokufunda Umbhalo Wokuqala: Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhumusha, funda umbhalo wonke wesiZulu ukuze uqonde umongo jikelele, ithoni yomlobi, kanye nabafundi abahlonishwayo. Thola zonke izisho, amagama obuchwepheshe, noma izinkomba zamasiko ezizodinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.
- 2. Ukuhlukanisa Umbhalo: Hlukanisa umbhalo ube yizigaba ezincane noma imisho. Lokhu kusiza ukugwema ukweqiwa kwemininingwane ebalulekile nokugcina ukuhambisana komqondo.
- 3. Ukuhumushelwa Komqondo (Conceptual Translation): Gwema ukuhumusha igama negama. Focus ekuhumusheni umqondo nesigijimi sombhalo. Bhala umusho ngamunye ngesiShayina ngendlela ezwakala ingokwemvelo kubantu bomdabu, usebenzisa uhlelo lolimi olufanele lwesiShayina.
- 4. Ukusebenzisa isiNgisi njengeBhuloho elimaphakathi (Pivot Language): Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezichazamazwi ezisebenza ngqo phakathi kwesiZulu nesiShayina, abahumushi abaningi basebenzisa isiNgisi njengolimi lokuxhumanisa. Lokhu kuyasiza kodwa kudinga ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi akukho oklahlekayo ezinqabeni zolimi zesiNgisi.
- 5. Ukubuyekeza Nokuhlela (Editing and Proofreading): Lapho usuqedile ukuhumusha, buyekeza umbhalo wesiShayina uqhathanisa nowesiZulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho okshiyiwe ngaphandle noma okuhunyushwe ngokungeyikho. Kunconywa kakhulu ukuba umbhalo wokugcina ubuyekezwe ngumuntu onesiShayina njengolimi lwakhe lwendabuko.
Amacebo Okwenza Ukuhumusha Kwakho Kube Sezingeni Eliphezulu Kakhulu
Kubabhali nabahumushi abafuna ukwenza umsebenzi oncomekayo nohehayo, nazi izeluleko ezingabasiza kakhulu:
- Qonda umongo wamasiko: Funda kabanzi ngesiko laseShayina, imikhuba yabo yansuku zonke, nezinkolo zabo. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba ukhethe amagama afanele angeke acasule noma alethe ukungezwa kahle kubafundi baseShayina.
- Gcina Ithoni Ifanele (Politeness Levels): IsiShayina silimi olunesisekelo esiqinile senhlonipho namazinga ahlukene okukhuluma kuye ngokuthi ukhuluma nobani. Qiniseka ukuthi ithoni yakho yokuhumusha iyahambisana nezinga elilindelekile (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa "您" nín esikhundleni sika "你" nǐ ekuhumusheni okusemthethweni).
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuhumusha esimanje (CAT Tools): Amathuluzi afana neTrados noma iMemoQ angakusiza kakhulu ekugcineni ukuhambisana kwamagama obuchwepheshe (terminology consistency) phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokuhumusha umbhalo omude.
I-SEO Yasendaweni: Ukwenza Umbhalo Wakho Utholakale Kuma-Search Engine E-Baidu Naku-Google
Uma uhumushela amawebhusayithi, amabhulogi, noma izihloko ze-intanethi, qinisekisa ukuthi ufaka amagama angukhiye (keywords) esiShayina athandwayo futhi aseshelwa kakhulu kuma-search engine afana neBaidu (okuyiyo injini yokusesha enkulu kunazo zonke eShayina) kanye neGoogle. Uhlobo lwamagama asetshenziswa abafundi baseShayina ekusesheni lungahluka kakhulu kunezinguqulelo eziqondile. Ukukhetha amagama angukhiye anjengokuthi "祖鲁语翻译" (Ukuhumusha isiZulu), "中祖翻译" (Ukuhumusha isiShayina nesiZulu), kanye nelithi "南非语言翻译" (Ukuhumusha izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika) kuzosiza ekwenzeni umbhalo wakho ubonakale kalula kubantu abasesha lezi zinsizakalo ku-intanethi.
Ukwengeza, sebenzisa izihloko ezifanele (h1, h2, h3) eziqukethe lawo magama angukhiye, futhi uhlele umbhalo wakho ngendlela ecacile nesebenzisa amathegi afanele e-HTML. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokusiza izinjini zokusesha ukuqonda umbhalo wakho kalula, kodwa futhi kunikeza abasebenzisi umuzwa omuhle wokufunda umbhalo ohleleke kahle nowenza kube lula ukuthola imininingwane abayidingayo ngokushesha.
Isiphetho Nokubaluleka Kwaleli Bhuloho Lolimi
Ubudlelwano phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika neShayina bukhula usuku nosuku kwezohwebo, ezemfundo, nasezifundweni zamasiko. Ngakho-ke, isidingo sabahumushi abanamakhono abangahumusha kahle phakathi kwesiZulu nesiShayina sikhulu kakhulu kunesikhathi esidlule. Leli bhuloho lolimi aligcini nje ngokuhambisa amagama kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye, kodwa lidlala indima enkulu ekwakheni ukuqondana, ukuhloniphana, nokubambisana phakathi kwabantu balezi zizwe zombili. Ngokulandela izindlela nemikhuba engcono kakhulu echazwe kuleli phepha, abahumushi bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, egcina umoya wasekuqaleni wesiZulu kodwa ekhuluma ngqo enhliziyweni yomfundi waseShayina.