Ukuguqulela phakathi kweelwimi ezimbini ezingafani kwaphela ngokwembali, ijografi, kunye nesakhiwo seelwimi ngumsebenzi ofuna ingqondo ebukhali nokuqonda okunzulu kwenkcubeko. IsiXhosa, ulwimi lweBantu oluthethwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, nesi-Icelandic, ulwimi lweNorth Germanic oluthethwa kwisiqithi saseIceland, zimele ihlabathi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uguqulelo olululo alukho malunga nokutshintsha amagama nje, kodwa lumalunga nokwakha ibhulorho phakathi kwezi ntsimi zimbini zolwazi nenkcubeko. Esi sikhokelo siphonononga iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo, imiceli-mngeni, kunye namacebiso afanelekileyo okuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesi-Icelandic ngendlela eyiyo neyobuchwepheshe.
Umahluko Wezakhiwo Zesintetho NeGrama (Syntax and Grammar)
Isiseko sokuguqulela kakuhle silele ekubeni uqonde isakhiwo seelwimi zombini. Izinto ezahlula isiXhosa nesi-Icelandic ngokwamazwi nangezivesi zinkulu kakhulu:
- IsiXhosa njenge-Agglutinative Language: IsiXhosa sisebenzisa inkqubo yezimaphambili nezimamva ezidityaniswa kwisiqu segama ukwenza intsingiselo ebanzi. Umzekelo, igama elinye elifana nelithi "ndiyazithanda" linezakhi zentetho ezininzi ezichaza isenzi, umenzi, umamkeli, kunye nexesha lesiganeko. Ukanti kunesakhiwo seeklasi zezibizo ezili-15 (noun classes) ezilawula izivumelanisi kwisivesi sonke.
- Isi-Icelandic njenge-Highly Inflected Language: Isi-Icelandic sona silandela inkqubo enzima ye-inflection. Oku kuthetha ukuba izibizo, izichazi, kunye nezimelabizo zitshintsha imo yazo ngokwendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwisivesi (nominative, accusative, dative, kunye negenitive cases). Ukongeza, kukho izini ezithathu (inkunzi, ithole/imazi, nento engathathi licala - masculine, feminine, neuter) ezichaphazela isiphelo sezinye iindidi zamagama.
Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisi-Icelandic, umguquleli kufuneka ahlakulele amandla okudiliza izimaphambili zesiXhosa aze azakhe kwakhona kwimo yeecase zesi-Icelandic. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuba umntu angafuni nje ukuthelekisa amagama ngokungqongqo, kodwa ahlele kakuhle indima yegama ngalinye kwisivesi.
Indima Yenkcubeko Nemihlaba Ezahlukeneyo Yokuthetha
Iilwimi zibonisa indlela abantu abaphila ngayo kunye nemozulu ebabujileyo. IsiXhosa sinembali entsonkothileyo yentlalontle, isithethe, ubuntu, kunye nendalo efudumeyo yase-Afrika. Kwelinye icala, isi-Icelandic sibonisa indalo ekhethekileyo ye-Iceland—ikhephu, imililo yaphantsi komhlaba (geothermal energy), iihimini zamatye, kunye neentsomi zamaViking (Sagas).
- Ubuntu kunye Nobudlelwane boLuntu: KwisiXhosa, kukho isigama esikhulu nesinyulu esichaza ubudlelwane boluntu nosapho (umzekelo: ukusoka, ukuhlamba izitya, ukulobola, ubuntu). Ukuguqulela ezi ngqikelelo kwisi-Icelandic kufuna indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-"transcreation" (uguqulelo oluyilayo). Kuba isi-Icelandic singenazimo zifana ngqo nezi, umguquleli kufuneka abhale inkcazo ecacileyo okanye afumane isafobe esikufutshane kakhulu nesithethe sasentshona yeYurophu ngaphandle kokulahla umongo wento ethethwayo.
- Isigama seNdalo neMozulu: Isi-Icelandic sinamagama angaphezulu wamakhulu amabini achaza iindidi ezahlukeneyo zekhephu nomoya obandayo. KwisiXhosa, amazwi achaza ezi zinto mancinane kakhulu kuba imozulu yaseMzantsi Afrika ishushu. Xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisi-Icelandic uza kwisiXhosa okanye ngaphaya, kubakho umceli-mngeni wokutolika ezi meko zemozulu ngendlela eza kuqondwa ngabafundi basekuhlaleni.
Amacebiso Nezicwangciso Zoguqulelo Olofezekileyo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lwakho lukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye lufundeka lula, landela la macebiso alandelayo:
- Sukuguqulela Igama Ngegama: Le yeyona mpazamo inkulu yabaqalayo. Hlaziya umongo wesivesi sisonke ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukubhala ngolunye ulwimi.
- Sebenzisa Iilwimi Eziyibhulorho Ngobulumko: Ngenxa yokuba kunqabile ukufumana izichazi-magama ezingqalileyo phakathi kwesiXhosa nesi-Icelandic, isiNgesi sihlala sisetyenziswa njengolwimi lokudibanisa (pivot language). Nangona kunjalo, lumkela ukulahlekelwa ziinkcukacha ezisulungekileyo ngexesha lolu guqulelo lubini.
- Gcina Umoya Weelwimi zesi-Icelandic (Linguistic Purism): Abantu base-Iceland bayayikhusela kakhulu ulwimi lwabo kwiimpembelelo zamazwe angaphandle. Endaweni yokusebenzisa amagama abolekiweyo, bakhetha ukwenza amagama amatsha (umzekelo, igama elithi "tölva" elithetha ikhompyutha lenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama athi "tala" [inani] kunye nelithi "völva" [umprofeti/umbhuli]). Qinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lwakho lwesi-Icelandic aluzaliswanga ngamagama angaphandle anjenge-Anglicisms.
- Funda rhoqo Imibhalo yeeSagas kunye Neencwadi zeMveli: Oku kuya kukunceda uqhele isitayile sombhali wase-Iceland kunye nendlela ababumba ngayo iingcinga zabo.
Usetyenziso Lwobuchwepheshe Banamhlanje (CAT Tools)
Kweli xesha lekhompyutha, abaguquleli abanamava basebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha zokuququzelela uguqulelo (Computer-Assisted Translation okanye CAT Tools). Izixhobo ezifana neSDL Trados, memoQ, okanye Phrase zinceda kakhulu ekugcineni isigama sifana kwikhasi lonke.
Nangona kunjalo, i-Machine Translation (MT) efana neGoogle Translate isenengxaki enkulu phakathi kwesiXhosa nesi-Icelandic ngenxa yokunqaba kwedatha yolwimi ehambelanayo (parallel corpora). Ngoko ke, umsebenzi womguquleli ongumntu ubaluleke kakhulu ukulungisa imopelelo, izakhiwo zezivesi ezilahlekileyo, kunye neetoni zentetho ezingachanekanga ezenziwa zizixhobo zekhompyutha.
Ukuqukumbela Nombono Wekamva
Ukuguqulela phakathi kwesiXhosa nesi-Icelandic ngumsebenzi okhulayo njengoko ihlabathi lidibana ngeteknoloji nemfundo. Ngokulandela izikhokelo zekhompyutha, ukuqonda izakhiwo zeelwimi zombini, kunye nokuhlonipha amasiko nendlela yokuphila yomphakathi ngamnye, abaguquleli banokukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi oncomekayo nochanekileyo. Oku akugcini nje ngokudlulisa imiyalezo, kodwa kutyebisa iilwimi zombini kwaye kwakha intsebenziswano engaphaya kwemida yeelwandlekazi.