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Te Hono i ngā reo Taketake e Rua: Māori me te Tūru

Ko te whakawhiti reo he huarahi hono i waenga i ngā iwi, i ngā tauira whakaaro, me ngā ahurea rerekē. I roto i tēnei aratohu, ka ata tātarihia e tātou te whakawhiti mai i te reo Māori—he reo a-Ahitereiria-a-Kiwa (Austronesian)—ki te reo Tūru, ara te reo Zulu (he reo a-Naiha-Kongo, he reo reo-Bantu). Ahakoa te matara o ngā whenua e rua i te taha matawhenua, he ōrite te hōhonutanga o te whai wāhi o ēnei reo ki te tuakiri ā-iwi me ngā kaupapa ā-ahurea. Ma te kaiwhakawhiti reo motuhake e āta mārama ngā wero pūtaiao me ngā wetereo e pā ana ki ēnei reo e rua, kia puta ai he tuhinga e tika ana tōna rerenga me tōna wairua.

Ko te Hanganga o te Rerenga Kōrero: VSO ki te SVO

Ko te rerekētanga wetereo nui rawa i waenga i te reo Māori me te reo Tūru ko te tū o ngā kupu i roto i te rerenga kōrero (word order). I te reo Māori, ko te nuinga o ngā rerenga kōrero ka tīmata ki te kupu mahi (Verb), ka whai ko te tumu kōrero (Subject), kātahi ka puta te kupu tāpiri (Object). He pūnaha VSO tēnei. Hei tauira, ina kī tātou: "Kua kite te tamaiti i te manu." Ka kitea kei mua te kupu mahi "kite" i te ingoa "tamaiti".

Engari ki te reo Tūru (Zulu), he reo SVO tōna hanganga, e rite ana ki tō te reo Pākehā. Ka tīmata te rerenga ki te tumu kōrero, ka whai i te kupu mahi, ā, ka mutu ki te kupu tāpiri. Ko te rerenga o runga ake nei ina whakawhitia ki te reo Tūru, ka pēnei: "Umntwana ubonile inoni." (Umntwana = tamaiti [Subject], ubonile = kua kite [Verb], inoni = manu [Object]). Me mātua whakarite te kaiwhakawhiti kia kaua e whai i te hanganga Māori i te wā e tuhi ana i te reo Tūru, kia kore ai e rerekē te tikanga me te mārama o te kōrero ki te iwi pānui.

Te Pūnaha Kūmua wetereo (Noun Classes me te Concord) i te Reo Tūru

He reo whakakao (agglutinative language) te reo Tūru, ā, he tino matatini tōna pūnaha kupu ingoa. He mea wehewehe ngā kupu ingoa ki te tekau mā whitu ngā "noun classes". Ko ēnei karangatanga e whakatau ana i te pūriki, ara ko te kūmua (prefix) ka piri ki te kupu mahi me te kupu āhua. Hei tauira, mō te kupu ingoa "umuntu" (tangata) kei te karangatanga tuatahi (Class 1), ko tōna tūtohu ko te "u-". Ki te tāpirihia he kupu āhua pēnei i te "ataahua" (hle), ka huri ki te "umuntu omuhle". Ki te kī tātou ko te tangata e mahi ana, ka piri te kūmua tūhono ki te kupu mahi, pēnei i te: "Umuntu uyasebenza" (Kei te mahi te tangata).

Ki te taha ki te reo Māori, he whakamahi pātikara (particles) pēnei i te "te", "ngā", "e...ana", "kua", "kei" hei whakaatu i te wā me te tūnga o te kupu. Kāore he kūmua wetereo pēnei e whakarerekē ana i te matū o ngā kupu tāpiri. Ma tēnei rerekētanga matua e whakawero te kaiwhakawhiti: me āta whiriwhiri te karangatanga ingoa tika i te reo Tūru i mua i te tuhi, me te whakarite kia ōrite ngā kūmua (concord agreement) katoa puta noa i te rerenga kōrero.

Te Whakarite Localization: Whakapapa, Manaakitanga, me te Ubuntu

Kāore e taea te whakawhiti noa i ngā kupu i runga i te mata o te pepa, engari me whakawhiti te wairua o te kupu. Hei tauira, ko te kupu Māori nei "whakapapa". Ahakoa te kī a tētahi he "genealogy" rānei te whakamāoritanga ki te reo Pākehā, ki te reo Tūru ko te kupu tata ko te "uzalo" (he ahunga whānau) rānei, ko te "isibongo" rānei e hono ana ki te ingoa o te hapū. Engari kāore ēnei kupu katoa e hopu i te hōhonutanga o te whakapapa o te Māori ki te whenua. No reira, me whakauru he whakamāramatanga ki roto i te tuhinga kia mārama ai te hunga pānui Tūru ki te horopaki Māori.

Waihoki, ko te kupu "manaakitanga" e hangai ana ki te ariā hōhonu o ngā iwi o Awherika ki te Tonga, ara ko te "Ubuntu". He mea tohu te Ubuntu ki te kīanga kōrero nei: "Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu" (Ko te tangata he tangata mā roto i te iwi). Ahakoa te rerekē o ngā tauira iwi, he tino rite ēnei tikanga tiaki tangata. Ko te whakamahi i ēnei ariā rite he tino tohu mō te localization e tōtika ana, te ara tūhono i waenga i te ao Māori me te ao Tūru.

Tohutohu Matua mō te Kaiwhakawhiti Reo

• Arotahi ki te Rerenga wetereo (Flow): Kia mahara he reo piriwaka te reo Tūru. Whakamahia ngā rārangi pūpū (integrated clauses) kia kaua e pakupaku te ahua o ngā rerenga kōrero.
• Te Manaaki i te Wairua o te Reo: He whai kōrero (rhetorical and figurative) ngā reo e rua. Whakamahia ngā whakataukī (proverbs) e ōrite ana te tikanga. Mō te Māori, "He tangata takahi manu", mā te Tūru "Indlela ibuzwa kwababaphambili" (Ka ui te ara ki te hunga kua haere kē).
• Tiakina te Taipitopito: Me aroturuki pūmau i ngā momo noun classes o te reo Tūru kia kore ai e puta te wetereo hē. He māmā te hē ki te tepe o te kōrero.
• Aromatawai i te Horopaki: I ngā wā katoa, me titiro ki te tino take o te tuhinga matua i mua i te tīmata ki te tuhi ki te reo ūnga.

Wero ā-Reo me te Oro Reo

Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga me aro atu ko te oro me te tuhituhi. He reo tino oro (tonal language) te reo Tūru, he wāhi nui tō te taumata oro (pitch/tone) ki te tikanga o te kupu. Ahakoa kāore te taumata oro e tohuhia ki ngā reta o te tuhinga noa, me whai whakaaro te kaiwhakawhiti ki te rere o te reo a-tinana ina pānuihia te tuhinga. Ki te reo Māori, he mea nui te tohutō (macron) hei whakaatu i te oropuare roa, ā, he rerekē tēnei ki te pūnaha oro o te reo Tūru. Ma te aro ki ēnei taipitopito pūoro, ka whakaritea tētahi whakawhiti kōrero e pai ana ki te taringa o te hunga pānui o te reo ūnga.

Te Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te whakawhiti reo mai i te reo Māori ki te reo Tūru he mahi whakawhiti i te tapu me te mana o te kupu. Ma te aroha ki te wetereo, te pupuri i te localization ahurea, me te whai i ngā pūkenga e tika ana, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakawhiti te hanga i tētahi piriti rerenga kōrero e whakakotahi ana i ngā ao rerekē e rua, ma te reo ataahua, māori hoki.