Guhindura inyandiko cyangwa amagambo kuva mu rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ujyana mu Gihawayi (Hawaiian) ni inzira isaba ubushishozi buhanitse, ubumenyi bw'indimi zombi ndetse n'imyaturire n'umuco by'abaturage bazivuga. N'ubwo izi ndimi zombi zituruka mu miryango y'indimi itandukanye cyane—Ikinyarwanda kikaba ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Abantu (Bantu languages), naho Igihawayi kigaturuka mu muryango w'iz'Abanyapolineziya (Austronesian/Polynesian languages)—hari uburyo n'amategeko y'ubuhinduzi bifasha mu guhuza ubutumwa nta gukuramo cyangwa guhindura icyo bwasobanuraga.
Imiterere y'Indimi Zombi: Isesengura ry'Ikibonezamvugo
Kugira ngo umuhinduzi abashe gukora akazi keza, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'indimi zombi mu rwego ry'ikibonezamvugo (grammar). Ikinyarwanda n'Igihawayi bifite itandukaniro rikomeye mu myubakire y'interuro:
- Imiterere y'Interuro (Syntax): Mu Kinyarwanda, interuro isanzwe yubakwa hakurikijwe gahunda ya Nyirigukora-Nshinga-Wuzuzi (Subject-Verb-Object cyangwa SVO). Urugero: "Umwana ari kurya ibiryo." Naho mu Gihawayi, imyubakire y'interuro ikurikiza gahunda y'Inshinga-Nyirigukora-Wuzuzi (Verb-Subject-Object cyangwa VSO). Urugero rw'interuro mu Gihawayi rutangizwa n'inshinga cyangwa utubimbura-nshinga mbere y'uko hagaragazwa ukora icyo gikorwa. Ibi bisaba ko umuhinduzi agomba gusenya imiterere y'interuro y'Ikinyarwanda akayisana bushya mu myandikire y'Igihawayi.
- Inshinga n'Uturemajambo (Morphology): Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza uturemajambo twinshi ku nshinga imwe (agglutinative language), aho uturemajambo twerekana igihe, inteko y'izina, inyongera-nshinga, n'ibindi byose byunganira inshinga bishingwa ku gicucu kimwe cy'inshinga. Mu Gihawayi, inshinga ntabwo zihindagurika cyane nk'uko bimeze mu Kinyarwanda; ahubwo bakoresha udupfampfe cyangwa utugambo twunganira (particles) twerekana igihe cyangwa icyerekezo cy'igikorwa bishyirwa mbere y'inshinga. Ibi bituma guhindura inshinga z'Ikinyarwanda zifite inyajwi n'ingombajwi zikurikirana bidahita byoroha.
- Inteko z'Amazina n'Amashusho Yabyo: Mu Kinyarwanda, amazina agabanije mu nteko zikabakaba 20 (noun classes), kandi izo nteko zigena imenyekanisha ry'amasano mu nteruro yose. Mu Gihawayi, nta nteko z'amazina zihari, ariko hari amategeko akomeye agenga uturemajambo twerekana nyiri ikintu (possessive particles nka "o" na "a") asaba ubushishozi buhanitse. Gukoresha akagambo kerekana nyiri ikintu mu buryo budahwitse bishobora guhindura ubusobanuro bw'interuro yose.
Nuance z'Umuco n'Imitimbire y'Amagambo
Ururimi ni umuyoboro w'umuco. Mu gihe uhindura ubutumwa bw'Ikinyarwanda ubushyira mu Gihawayi, ugomba kwitonda cyane kuko hari amagambo afite icyo asobanuye mu muco w'Abanyarwanda kitari mu w'Abahawayi, ndetse n'abahafite imyumvire yabo bwite. Urugero rwiza ni ijambo "Umuryango". Mu muco w'Abanyarwanda, umuryango urimo uwo hafi (nuclear family) ndetse n'umuryango mugari (extended family). Mu Gihawayi, ijambo "ʻOhana" ririmo ibisobanuro byimbitse bijyanye n'isano y'amaraso, isano y'umuryango mugari, ndetse n'isano y'abantu basangiye intego cyangwa aho batuye. Ariko kandi, mu muco w'Abahawayi, hari amategeko agenga kubaha abageze mu za bukuru (kūpuna) ndetse n'umuco wo kubungabunga ubutaka (ʻāina). Iyo uhindura inyandiko zivuga ku rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima cyangwa kubaha abakurambere mu Kinyarwanda, ugomba guhitamo amagambo y'Igihawayi agaragaza icyo cyubahiro cyimbitse nka "aloha ʻāina" (gukunda no kubungabunga ubutaka).
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni inyito z'icyubahiro. Mu Kinyarwanda dukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura imvugo ukayishyira mu bwinshi bw'icyubahiro (urugero: "muriho" aho gutunga umuntu umwe uti "uriho"). Mu Gihawayi, nta buryo nk'ubwo bwo gukoresha ibirezi by'icyubahiro by'ubwinshi buboneka, ariko hari amagambo yihariye (nk'iryza "kūpuna" ku basaza n'abakecuru cyangwa "kumu" ku barimu) akoreshwa mu kwerekana icyubahiro gikwiye n'imibanire y'uburezi n'amateka.
Imbogamizi Zikomeye mu Buhinduzi n'Uburyo bwo Dushobora Kuzitsinda
Kugeza ubu, nta nkoranyamagambo y'ako kanya ihari ihuza Ikinyarwanda n'Igihawayi (direct bilingual dictionary). Ibi bituma umuhinduzi agomba gukoresha ururimi rw'abahuza (pivot language), akenshi rukaba icyongereza (English). Iyi nzira yo guhindura mu rurimi rwa gatatu ifite imbogamizi kuko ishobora gutakaza amwe mu mashusho y'amagambo (nuances) n'imyumvire y'umwimerere.
Kugira ngo utsinde izi mbogamizi, ugomba gukora ibi bikurikira:
- Ibanze ku busobanuro bw'ibitekerezo (Semantic approach): Aho guhindura ijambo ku rindi (literal translation), shaka ubusobanuro bwimbitse bw'interuro mu Kinyarwanda, ububike mu mutwe wawe, hanyuma ububwire mu Gihawayi ukoresheje imyubakire y'interuro ikwiye y'Igihawayi. Ibi bituma ubutumwa butakara mu muhanda.
- Koresha inkoranyamagambo zikomeye z'Icyongereza n'Igihawayi: Mu gihe ukoresheje Icyongereza nka pivot, hitamo inkoranyamagambo z'Igihawayi n'Icyongereza zizewe cyane, nka "Hawaiian Dictionary" yanditswe na Mary Kawena Pukui na Samuel H. Elbert. Ibi bikurinda guhindura amagambo mu buryo bw'ibinyoma bwatewe n'ubuhinduzi bwa mudasobwa butagira ubwenge bw'abantu.
- Imyandikire y'Igihawayi n'ibimenyetso byihariye: Ururimi rw'Igihawayi rukoresha akamenyetso kitwa "Kahakō" (macron - akamenyetso kashyirwa ku nyajwi kugira ngo isomeke nk'indeyi) ndetse na "ʻOkina" (glottal stop - akamenyetso kameze nk'akagombajwi gahagarika umwuka). Ibi bimenyetso bitandukanye bihindura ubusobanuro bw'ijambo burundu. Urugero, "kalo" bishobora gusobanura ikintu kitandukanye na "kālō". Umuhinduzi agomba kuba maso akabyandika neza kugira ngo adakwirakwiza amakosa.
Inama z'Ingenzi ku Bahinduzi b'Abarwanda n'Abahawayi
Kugira ngo inyandiko yawe ihinduye ibe isomeka neza, yubahirize amategeko y'umwimerere, kandi yumvikane nka nka yanditswe n'umwenyegihugu, kurikiza izi nama:
- Guhaza ubutumwa aho guhindura amagambo: Buri gihe wibuke ko intego y'ubuhinduzi ari ugukura igitekerezo mu rurimi rumwe ucyambukiriza mu rundi mu buryo bwumvikana. Mu Gihawayi, imvugo ikoresha amagambo make ariko afite ibisobanuro byagutse. Aho gukoresha interuro ndende z'Ikinyarwanda zifite inyongeramateka n'amasano menshi, zigabanyemo interuro ngufi kandi zumvikana neza mu Gihawayi.
- Koresha abasomyi b'abanyamahanga (Proofreaders): Inyandiko yose umaze guhindura mu Gihawayi, ni ngombwa ko isomwa n'umuntu uvuga Igihawayi nk'ururimi rwe rw'amavuko. Bazagufasha kubona niba imyandikire, imyubakire y'interuro, n'isano y'amagambo byubahirije umuco wabo (cultural sensitivity).
- Sobanukirwa n'Umutwe w'Inyandiko: Niba urimo uhindura inyandiko y'amategeko, iy'ubuvuzi, iy'umuco cyangwa iy'ikoranabuhanga, banza umenye amagambo yihariye akoreshwa muri uwo rwego muri zombi ndetse no mu cyongereza cyagufashije. Ibi byongera ubwizerane bw'akazi kawe.
Guhindura ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda ugana mu Gihawayi ni umurimo mwiza wubaka ikiraro hagati y'imico ibiri ikungahaye ku mateka. N'ubwo bigoye kubera itandukaniro ry'ikibonezamvugo n'imyandikire, gukurikiza amategeko n'inama zavuzwe haruguru bitanga umusaruro mwiza, bikagura n'imikoranire hagati y'abaturage b'Afurika n'aba pasifika.