Ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi phakathi kweentsapho zeelwimi ezohlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ngomnye wemisebenzi enzima kakhulu kubaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo. IsiXhosa, esilulwimi lwesintu (Bantu language) saseMzantsi Afrika esisebenzisa isakhiwo esihlanganisiweyo (agglutinative syntax), kunye nesiMakedoni (Macedonian), ulwimi lwaseSlavic olusebenzisa isakhiwo esihlalutywayo nesithambileyo (analytic and inflectional syntax), zibonisa umahluko omkhulu wamaphepha omthetho-siseko weelwimi. Olu kuguqulelwa lufuna ingqondo engaphaya kokuguqula amagama nje alula; lufuna uqhelwaniso olunzulu nenkcubeko, imithetho yeelwimi zombini, kunye nomongo wembali yezithethi zezi lwimi zombini ukuze umyalezo ugcine intsingiselo yawo yoqobo.
Umahluko Wokwakheka Kwezivesi Kunye Nemigaqo-siseko Yelwimi
IsiXhosa sisebenzisa inkqubo ebanzi yeeklasi zezibizo (noun classes), apho izibizo zihlulwa ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo achaphazela isivumelwano sentsenzi, isichazi, kunye nezimelabizo kuyo yonke isivesi. Oku kwahlukile ngokupheleleyo kwisiMakedoni, esisebenzisa inkqubo yezini ezithathu: indoda (masculine), ibhinqa (feminine), kunye nento engathathi cala (neuter). Xa uguqulela ukusuka esiXhoseni uya esiMakedoni, umguquleli kufuneka aqonde indlela yokutshintsha ezi zivumelwano zesiXhosa ziye kwizini ezichanekileyo zesiMakedoni ngaphandle kokulahla umxholo.
Isivumelwano Sentloko kunye Nesihlanganisi Sentetho
EsiXhoseni, isenzi sihlala siqulathe isalathandawo okanye izimaphambili ezidityaniswe nesiseko sesenzi ukubonisa intloko kunye nenjongo yesivesi. Ngokomzekelo, kwisivesi esithi "Abantwana babhala ileta", isalathandawo sentloko "ba-" sibonisa ukuba intloko yile klasi 2 (abantwana). EsiMakedoni, oku kuguqulelwa ngokuthi "Децата пишуваат писмо". Apha, isenzi "пишуваат" sithatha isijoyina esibonisa isininzi somntu wesithathu, kodwa isakhiwo asidityaniswa ngendlela efanayo neye-agglutinative yesiXhosa. Umguquleli kufuneka abe nobuchule bokuqhaqha la magama aphindaphindiweyo esiXhosa aze awake ngokutsha ngokwemigaqo yesiMakedoni.
Icandelo Le-Syntax Kunye Nohlelo Lwezivesi
IsiXhosa silandela isicwangciso sentetho esithi Intloko-Isenzi-Injongo (Subject-Verb-Object - SVO), kodwa ngenxa yokuba sisebenzisa inkqubo yezimaphambili ezininzi, lungeza utshintsho olubonisa ugxininiso okanye isimo sengqondo (mood). IsiMakedoni naso silandela isicwangciso esifanayo se-SVO, kodwa sinolungelelwaniso olukhululekileyo lwamagama (flexible word order) ngenxa yeempawu zaso zokugqibela zesivesi (clitics kunye ne-direct/indirect object doubling). Oku kuthetha ukuba isivesi esiXhoseni sinokuba namaqhinga athile angenakuguqulelwa ngokulandelelana okufanayo kwesiMakedoni, nto leyo efuna umguquleli ahlele isakhiwo ukuze sigcine intsingiselo yoqobo ngaphandle kokulahla umoya wolwimi lokuqala.
Uguqulelo Lwenkcubeko Nemihlaba Yee-Idioms
Izaci namaqhina adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni iingcinga zabantu. IsiXhosa sinobutyebi obukhulu bezaci ezinxulumene nemfuyo, indalo, kunye nendlela yokuphila yesintu. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana elithi "Ukuphisa ngendlebe" elithetha ukumamela ngenyameko, alinakuguqulelwa ngqo ngokwegama (word-for-word) esiMakedoni kuba lingazisa ukudideka okukhulu. Endaweni yoko, esiMakedoni sisebenzisa ibinzana elihambelanayo nelithi "да се претвори во уво" (ukuba yindlebe ncam).
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuguqulela akukho malunga nokufumana amagama afanayo kuphela, kodwa kumalunga nokuguqula umyalezo wenkcubeko (transcreation). EsiMakedoni, esineempembelelo zeBalkan kunye neSlavic, sinezaci ezininzi ezinxulumene nembali yaso ndawonye nezolimo. Umguquleli kufuneka abe ngomnye oziqondayo zombini ezi nkcubeko ukuze isicatshulwa sokugqibela sivakale sizenzekela kwaye singenangqondo yomphandi osuka ngaphandle kwelizwe lozalo lwaloo lwimi.
Imiceli-mngeni Yesigama Sezobuchwepheshe Kunye Nale Ndlela Entsha
Kwilizwe lanamhlanje lezobuchwepheshe, ezoqoqosho, kunye nenzululwazi, isiXhosa siyasakhula ekudaleni isigama esitsha sezi mihlaba (neologisms). Nakuba kukho iinzame ezinkulu zokongeza amagama amatsha, amaxesha amaninzi abaguquleli basebenzisa amagama abolekiweyo esiNgesi okanye isiBhulu aguqulwe ngokwendlela yokubiza yesiXhosa. EsiMakedoni, njengolwimi olusemthethweni kwiphondo laseYurophu, lunenkqubo esekwe kakuhle yesigama semfundo nezenzululwazi, ekhutshelwe kakhulu kwiilwimi zesiLatini, isiGrike, kunye nesiRashiya.
- Ukuguqulwa kwemiba yezomthetho: IsiXhosa sisebenzisa amazwi anomoya wentlalo yoluntu (Ubuntu), ngelixa isiMakedoni sisebenzisa iikhonsepthi zomthetho waseYurophu osekwe kwikhowudi yesicwangciso (civil law). Oku kufuna ukuba umguquleli afumane amagama achaza ingcamango efanayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumongo wezomthetho.
- Isigama seTeknoloji: Amaxesha amaninzi amagama afana ne-"software" okanye "computer" esiXhoseni abhalwa njenge "isoftware" okanye "ikhompyutha", ngelixa esiMakedoni esebenzisa "софтвер" kunye ne "компјутер" ngendlela ehambelana nemithetho yabo yopelo lweCyrillic.
- Ukuchaneka kwexesha lesenzi: IsiXhosa sineendlela ezininzi zokuchaza ixesha elidlulileyo nelizayo ngokuxhomekeke kumgama wexesha ukusuka ngoku, into efuna uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo xa iguqulelwa kwiinkqubo zamaxesha zesiMakedoni (tenses).
Izicwangciso Zokubhala Kunye Nopelo Phakathi Kwee-Alfabhethi Zombini
Omnye wemiba ebalulekileyo nehlala ingahoywa ngabaguquleli yinkqubo yopelo (orthography) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-alfabhethi ezohlukeneyo. IsiXhosa sibhalwa ngamajelo e-alfabhethi yesiLatini, kodwa sinomsindo okhethekileyo weencwadi zokucofa (click sounds: c, q, x) kunye neekhonsonanti ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiMakedoni sibhalwa nge-alfabhethi yeCyrillic (Кирилица), kwaye asinawo loo misindo yokucofa kwaphela.
Xa uguqulela amagama abantu okanye iindawo (proper nouns) ukusuka esiXhoseni ukuya esiMakedoni, kufuneka kusetyenziswe inkqubo yenguqulelo yesandi (transliteration / phonetic transcription). Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "Xolani" line-click "X" engaphumi lula esiMakedoni. Ukuze libhalwe ngendlela eliva ngayo umMakedoni, kufuneka libhalwe ngesandi esikufutshane kakhulu, amaxesha amaninzi sisebenzisa unobumba "Кс" okanye isandi esithambileyo esichazwayo, esenza ukuba abafundi basemzini bangaphazami ekubizeni igama lowo mntu. Lo mcelimngeni ufunisisa uphando olucokisekileyo malunga nemigaqo yokuguqulelwa kwesandi kumazwe omabini.
Amacebiso Abalulekileyo Okuguqulela Okusebenzayo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa sakho sikhutshwa ngendlela egqibeleleyo nenenjongo, nantsi imigaqo emele elandelwe ngumguquleli:
- Susa isiseko samagama ahlanganisiweyo: Qiniseka ukuba uqonda isiqu (root) sesenzi sesiXhosa ngaphambi kokuba uzame ukusiguqulela esiMakedoni. Ungalahlekiswa zizimaphambili ezininzi ezikwenza ucinge ukuba ligama elitsha.
- Gcina umongo wentlalo: Xa uguqulela amaxwebhu anjengeencwadi zebali okanye iintetho ezisesikweni, khumbula ukuba indlela yokuhlonipha esiXhoseni isebenzisa izimelabizo ezithile ezingafaniyo nezaseMakedoni. EsiMakedoni sisebenzisa "Вие" (isihlonipho somntu wesibini) ukubonisa imbeko, into efana nokusetyenziswa kwesininzi esiXhoseni.
- Sebenzisa izichazi-magama ezigunyazisiweyo: Sebenzisa imithombo ethembekileyo efana neengcali zeelwimi kunye neeshedyuli zamagama ezivunyiweyo zeelwimi zombini ukuphepha ukuguqulela okungachanekanga okanye okungasetyenziswayo eluntwini.
- Ukuqinisekisa nokuhlela (Proofreading): Emva kokuba ugqibile ukuguqulela, isicatshulwa kufuneka sihlolwe sisithethi sokuzalwa (native speaker) sesiMakedoni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isantya, isandi, kunye nendlela yokuhamba kwesivesi zifanelekile kwaye zilungile ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuqukumbela Kokwenza Umsebenzi Osemgangathweni
Ngaphandle kokuba olu kuguqulelwa lunokubonakala lunzima ngenxa yokuba ezi lwimi zombini zivela kumagumbi ahlukeneyo omhlaba kwaye zineentsapho ezahlukeneyo, linika ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuvalela umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko zaseAfrika nezaseBalkan. Ngokulandela le migaqo ikhankanyiweyo, abaguquleli banokwakha amaxwebhu acacileyo, aneenkcukacha kwaye ahambelana neemfuno zabafundi beelwimi zombini, nto leyo ephakamisa umgangatho wonxibelelwano lwehlabathi jikelele kwaye iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kweelwimi kwixesha elizayo.