Fassara tsakanin harsunan da ba su fito daga zuri'a guda ba a tsarin harsuna na duniya yana daya daga cikin mafi wahala da bukatar kwarewa ga masu fassarar harshe. Harshen Hausa, wanda yake daya daga cikin harsunan Afroasiatic (musamman karkashin rukunin Chadic), da kuma harshen Irish (wanda aka sani da Gaeilge), wanda ke cikin zuri'ar harsunan Indo-European (karkashin rukunin Celtic), suna da bambance-bambance masu yawa na tsarin nahawu, al'adu, da kuma yadda ake gina jumloli. Wannan makala za ta yi bayani filla-filla a kan hanyoyin fassara, nuances ko sarkakiyar da ke tattare da wannan aiki, da kuma shawarwari masu amfani ga kowane mai fassara domin samun ingantacciyar fassara daga Hausa zuwa Irish.
Bambancin Tsarin Jumla: SVO (Hausa) da VSO (Irish)
Daya daga cikin manyan kalubale na nahawu da mai fassara zai fuskanta shi ne tsarin ginin jumla. A harshen Hausa, tsarin jumla mafi shahara shi ne SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), wato Ma'aikaci-Aiki-Abin da aiki ya shafa. Misali, idan aka ce "Yaro ya karanta littafin," "Yaro" shi ne mai yin aiki (Subject), "ya karanta" shi ne aikin (Verb), sannan "littafin" shi ne abin da aiki ya shafa (Object).
A daya bangaren kuma, harshen Irish yana amfani da tsarin VSO (Verb-Subject-Object), wato Aiki-Ma'aikaci-Abin da aiki ya shafa. A cikin wannan tsari, aikin ne yake fara zuwa kafin mai yin aikin. Idan za a fassara jumlar nan "Yaro ya karanta littafin" zuwa Irish, za ta kasance "Léigh an buachaill an leabhar," inda "Léigh" (ya karanta - Verb) ke zuwa farko, sannan "an buachaill" (yaron - Subject), sannan "an leabhar" (littafin - Object). Don haka, mai fassara dole ne ya saba da wannan sauyin tsari domin guje wa yin fassarar kai-tsaye (literal translation) wadda za ta iya zama maras ma'ana ko kuma wadda ba ta dace da ka'idojin harshen Irish ba.
Sarkakiyar Canjin Bakake (Initial Consonant Mutations) A Irish
Wani babban fasalin harshen Irish wanda babu shi ko kadan a harshen Hausa shi ne abin da ake kira Initial Consonant Mutations (canjin haruffan farko na kalmomi), wadanda suka kasu kashi biyu: Lenition (Séimhiú) da kuma Eclipsis (Urú). Wadannan canje-canje suna faruwa ne dangane da kalmar da ke gaban wata kalmar, ko kuma jinsin suna (gender), ko adadin abubuwa (plurality).
Misali, kalmar "bean" tana nufin mace a harshen Irish. Amma idan aka ce "mace ta gari" (a good woman), za ta zama "bean mhaith" (an samu lenition a kan harafin 'm' na kalmar 'maith' ta koma 'mh'). Hakazalika, idan aka ce "macen" (the woman), za ta zama "an bhean" (harafin 'b' ya koma 'bh' saboda sunan mace ne na tilo). A harshen Hausa, babu irin wadannan canje-canje a farkon kalmomi saboda dalilai na nahawu. Wannan yana nufin cewa mai fassara dole ne ya kiyaye ka'idojin nahawun Irish sosai don tabbatar da cewa ya yi amfani da daidaitaccen tsarin rubutu na kalmar da aka fassara.
Fassarar Jinsi da Wakilan Suna
Harshen Hausa da na Irish duka suna da tsarin jinsi (gender system) na miji da mace ga sunaye. Misali, a Hausa muna da kalmomi masu nuna jinsin miji ko mace (kamar "teburi" wanda a nahawance ake dauka a matsayin miji, da kuma "kujera" a matsayin mace). Irish ma yana da wannan tsarin inda sunaye suka kasu zuwa masculine (miji) da feminine (mace). Sai dai kuma, raba jinsin abubuwa a harsunan biyu bai zo daya ba. Wani abun da ke da jinsin miji a Hausa yana iya kasancewa mace a Irish, kuma akasin haka.
Bugu da kyau, wakilan suna (pronouns) suna da tasiri sosai. A Hausa, wakilin suna yana nuna lokaci da jinsi a lokaci guda (misali: ya, ta, suna, muna). A Irish kuma, ana hada wakilan suna tare da prepositions (wato prepositional pronouns), wanda wannan wani sabon tsari ne daban ga mai fassarar Hausa. Misali, kalmar "a gare ni" ko "gurina" a Irish ana kiranta "dom" (do + mé), sannan "a gare ta" ita ce "di" (do + sí). Wannan yana bukatar kulawa ta musamman domin kar a hada ma'ana ta hanyar amfani da wakilin sunan da bai dace ba.
Daidaiton Al'adu Da Karin Magana
Wani sashe mai matukar muhimmanci a fassarar adabi ko ta yau da kullum ita ce al'ada. Kasar Hausa tana da wadatacciyar al'ada da ta shafi addinin Musulunci, rayuwar karkara, da kuma dabi'un Afirka ta Yamma. Harshen Irish kuma yana da alaka mai karfi da al'adun Celtic, tarihin Kiristanci na Katolika, da kuma rayuwar tsibiri da ke kewaye da teku.
Lokacin fassarar karin magana ko salon magana (idioms), fassarar kai-tsaye ba za ta taba yin aiki ba. Misali, karin maganar Hausa kamar "Kome nisan jifa kasa zai dawo" yana bukatar a nemo kwatankwacinsa a harshen Irish wanda zai nuna ma'ana guda amma ta amfani da hotunan al'adun Irish. A Irish, akwai karin magana mai cewa "Briseann an dúchas tríd an tsúil" (Halitta tana bayyana kanta ta idanuwa) ko kuma "Ní bhíonn in aon rud ach seal" (Babu abin da yake dawwama sai na dan lokaci). Mai fassara dole ne ya kasance yana da zurfin ilimin al'adun al'ummomin biyu don samar da fassara mai ratsa zuciya da ke nuna hikimar da ke cikin asalin rubutun.
Kamus Da Kayan Aikin Fassarar Hausa Zuwa Irish
Domin samun kwarewa ta musamman, mai fassara yana bukatar amfani da fasahohin zamani na fassarar harshe. Tunda babu wata na'ura ta fassarar kai-tsaye mai inganci sosai tsakanin Hausa da Irish (kamar yadda yake a harsuna irin su Turanci zuwa Irish), dole ne mai fassara ya yi amfani da harshen Turanci a matsayin gada (bridge language). Wannan yana nufin cewa sau da yawa za a fassara daga Hausa zuwa Turanci kafin a fassara zuwa Irish, ko kuma akasin haka. Wannan tsari yana bukatar taka-tsantsan saboda kowane mataki na iya haifar da asarar ma'anar asali. Saboda haka, yin amfani da shafukan yanar gizo kamar Foclóir.ie da Teanglann.ie, da kuma shafukan adana kalmomin Hausa na Jami'o'i daban-daban yana da matukar tasiri ga kowane mai fassara.
Matakai Da Dabaru Don Samun Kyakkyawar Fassara
Domin tabbatar da cewa fassarar Hausa zuwa Irish ta yi inganci, mai fassara zai iya bin wadannan matakai:
- Fahimtar Asalin Rubutu (Source Text Analysis): Karanta rubutun Hausa sau da dama domin gano ainihin sakon, salon rubutun (tone), da kuma masu karatu da aka nufa.
- Neman Daidaito na Ma'ana (Semantic Equivalence): Kada a fassara kalma bayan kalma. Maimakon haka, a fassara ma'anar jumla baki daya zuwa tsarin harshen Irish.
- Tuntubar Kamus da Taskar Kalmomi: Yin amfani da ingantattun kamus na Irish domin tabbatar da daidaiton kalmomin da aka zaba, musamman a kan batutuwan da suka shafi kimiyya ko fasaha.
- Gyara da Tace Rubutu (Proofreading and Editing): Bayan kammala fassarar, yana da kyau a bai wa wani wanda harshen Irish shi ne yarensa na haihuwa (native speaker) domin ya karanta kuma ya gyara kura-kuran da suka shafi tsarin zance da al'ada.
Kammalawa a kan Kwarewar Fassarar
Ko da yake fassarar Hausa zuwa Irish tana da kalubale masu yawa saboda rashin kamanceceniya na asalin harsunan, tana kuma samar da wata dama ta musamman ta hada al'adun Afirka da na Turai. Ta hanyar amfani da shawarwarin da aka bayyana a sannan, da kuma zurfafa bincike a kan nahawu da tsarin al'adu, kowane mai fassara zai iya samar da aiki mai inganci wanda zai gamsar da masu karatu a kasashen biyu.