Ukuhumusha phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili ezingafani neze ngemvelaphi nangokwamasiko kuyinselelo enkulu kodwa futhi kuyithuba elihle kakhulu lokuxhumanisa imiphakathi eyahlukene. IsiZulu, okungolunye zezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika ezingaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Bantu (Niger-Congo), nesiSundanese, ulimi olukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi amane entshonalanga yesiqhingi saseJava e-Indonesia olungaphansi komndeni wezilimi ze-Austronesian, zinezinhlaka ezihluke ngokuphelele. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukunikeza abahumushi nabasebenzi bezilimi amathiphu abalulekile, izindlela zokusebenza, kanye nokuqonda okujulile okudingekayo ukuze bakwazi ukuhumusha imibhalo isuka kusiZulu iya kusiSundanese ngendlela enembile, ehlonipha amasiko, futhi elula ukufundeka.
Ukuqonda Umlando Nezinhlobo Zezilimi Zombili
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuhumusheni okuyimpumelelo ukwazi imvelaphi nemithetho elawula ulimi ngalunye. IsiZulu siyilimi olunamathisela izakhi (agglutinative language), lapho izakhi zamagama (prefixes and suffixes) zengezwa khona ezimpandeni zamabizo nezenzo ukuze kutholakale izincazelo ezintsha nemisho ephelele. Uhlelo lwaso lwezigaba zamabizo (noun classes) lulawula ukuvumelana kwawo wonke amagama asetshenziswayo emshweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiSundanese sisebenzisa kakhulu izakhi ezifakwa phakathi nendawo (infixes), ekuqaleni (prefixes), nasekugcineni (suffixes), futhi sinohlelo oluyingqayizivele lokuhlonipha oluthinta amagama asetshenziswayo kuye ngokuthi ukhuluma nobani noma ngobani.
Ngakho-ke, umhumushi akumele nje abheke amagama ngalinye ngalinye kusichazamazwi. Kufanele aqonde indlela amagama akhiwa ngayo kusiZulu bese ekwazi ukuthola izindlela ezifanele zokwakha lowo mqondo kusiSundanese, ebheka ukuthi umbhalo oguqulwayo uzofundwa ngubani futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo zomphakathi.
Umehluko Wohlelo Lwezilimi: Izinhlaka Nemisho
Uhlelo lwemisho lwesiZulu lujwayele ukulandela indlela ye-Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Isibonelo: "Umfana ubala incwadi" (Umfana [Subject] + ubala [Verb] + incwadi [Object]). KusiSundanese, nakuba indlela ye-SVO isetshenziswa kakhulu, kukhona ukuguquguquka okukhulu lapho isenzo noma into engenzeka ingabekwa ekuqaleni komusho kuye ngokuthi yini okugcizelelwa kakhulu kuyo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukugxila emshweni.
Enye inselelo enkulu ilele ekutheni isiZulu sinohlelo lwezivumelwano zikazwelonke nezigaba zamabizo ezinikeza imininingwane eminingi mayelana nobulili bolimi, inani (bunye noma buningi), kanye nohlobo lwento ekhulunywayo. KusiSundanese, alukho uhlelo lwezigaba zamabizo ezifana nezesiZulu. Kunalokho, ukuchaza ubuningi noma uhlobo lwento kwenziwa ngokufaka amagama anjenge- "loba" (iningi) noma ngokusebenzisa amagama athile abonisa izinto (classifiers) njenge- "siki" yezinto ezincane, "lambar" yezinto eziyisicaba njengamaphepha, noma "hulu" yezilwane. Umhumushi kufanele aqaphele kakhulu lezi zakhi ukuze agweme ukuhumusha okungaqondakali noma okulahlekisa abafundi baseSundanese.
Izinga Lokuhlonipha KusiSundanese (Undak Usuk Basa)
Lena yiyona nselelo enkulu kakhulu kubahumushi abaguqulela imibhalo kusiSundanese. Ulimi lwesiSundanese lunohlelo oluqinile lokuhlonipha olwaziwa ngokuthi "Undak usuk Basa" noma "Tatakrama Basa". Lolu hlelo luhlukaniswe kanje:
- Basa Loma: Lolu wulimi olusetshenziswa phakathi kwabangane abaseduze, abantu abanganganga, noma lapho kukhulunywa nabantu abangaphansi kwakho ngokweminyaka noma ngesikhundla. Lusetshenziswa nasemibhalweni engahlelekile kakhulu noma lapho ubhala ngemicabango yakho siqu.
- Basa Lemes: Lolu wulimi oluhloniphekayo nolusemthethweni. Lusetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa nabantu abadala, abasezikhundleni eziphezulu, izihambi, noma lapho kubhalwa imibhalo esemthethweni njengezincwadi zikahulumeni, imibhalo yezenkolo, kanye nezindaba ezihloniphekile. Kulo mkhakha, kukhona futhi umehluko phakathi kolimi lokuzihlonipha wena (lemes keur sorangan) kanye nolimi lokuhlonipha omunye umuntu (lemes keur batur).
Lapho uhumusha usuka kusiZulu, lapho ukuhlonipha ngokuvamile kuboniswa ngezijobelelo ezifana nokuthi "-nhle" noma ukusebenzisa isivumelwano sobuningi (isib. "Nikhulumile" esikhundleni sokuthi "Ukhulumile" lapho ukhuluma nomuntu oyedwa omdala), kusiSundanese kufanele ukhethe amagama ahluke ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, isenzo esithi "ukudla" kusiZulu singaba:
- "Dahar" kusiSundanese se-Loma (ukudla okujwayelekile phakathi kwabangane).
- "Neda" kusiSundanese se-Lemes keur sorangan (ukudla kwami lapho ngikhuluma nomuntu omdala).
- "Tuang" kusiSundanese se-Lemes keur batur (ukudla kwalowo muntu omdala engikhuluma naye).
Ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa izinga elifanele lokuhlonipha kungadala ukuthi umbhalo uhunyushwe ngendlela ebonakala njengokungahloniphi noma ukungazi usiko lwabantu baseSundanese.
Izinselelo Zamasiko Nendlela Yokuhumusha Izisho
IsiZulu nesiSundanese zinezimpande ezijulile emasikweni ahlukene kakhulu. IsiZulu sinamasiko ahlobene kakhulu nemfuyo (izinkomo), ukuzingela, inkolo yomdabu, kanye nemvelo yase-Afrika. Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ezishweni nasezageni zesiZulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasiko esiSundanese ahlobene kakhulu nezolimo (ikakhulukazi ukulinywa kwelayisi ezinkolweni zasemanzini nasezintabeni), inkolo yamaSulumane exutshwe nemikhuba yomdabu yaseJava (Sunda Wiwitan), kanye nefilosofi yokuhlalisana kahle ebizwa ngokuthi "Silih asih, silih asah, silih asuh" (ukuthandana, ukufundisana, nokunakekelana).
Lapho uhumusha isisho sesiZulu esifana nalesi esithi: "Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili", akumele usihumushe ngokuqondile kusiSundanese ngokuthi ukhulume ngomgwaqo noma ngezindlela zokuhamba. Kunalokho, kufanele uthole isisho esihambisana naleso kusiSundanese esichaza ukuthi kufanele ufune iseluleko kubantu abanolwazi noma abadala, esifana nalesi esithi: "Mapay jalan satapak" noma usebenzise umqondo othi "Nanya ka nu apal". Umhumushi kumele abe nekhono lokuhlaziya umongo nokuqonda incazelo ejulile yezisho ngaphambi kokuzeguqulela kolunye ulimi.
Amathiphu Abalulekile Kubahumushi
Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokuhumusha usuka kusiZulu uya kusiSundanese usezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, landela la mathiphu alandelayo:
- Hlaziya Izethameli Zokuqala: Thola ukuthi ngubani ozofunda umbhalo ohlunyshiwe. Ingabe ngabantu abasha, ababhali bezindaba, abaphathi bebhizinisi, noma umphakathi jikelele? Lokhu kuzokusiza ukhethe izinga elifanele le- "Undak usuk Basa" kusiSundanese.
- Gwema Ukuhumusha Kwezwi Ngezwi: Gxila ekudluliseni umqondo womusho hhayi amagama awo ngalinye. Uhlelo lolimi lwesiSundanese lunobuciko obuningi obudinga ukuthi umusho uhlelwe kabusha ukuze ube nemvelo.
- Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Nabasebenzi Bezilimi Bendawo: Ngenxa yokuthi akukho zichazamazwi eziningi eziqondile phakathi kwesiZulu nesiSundanese, kuvame ukuba usizo ukusebenzisa ulimi lwesibili oluhlanganisayo njengesiNgisi noma isi-Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) njengebhuloho. Kodwa-ke, qiniseka ukuthi umbhalo wokugcina ubuyekezwa ngumkhulumeli womdabu wesiSundanese (native speaker) ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uzwakala kahle futhi ungowemvelo.
- Gcina Uhlu Lwamagama Abalulekile (Glossary): Lapho usebenza ngemibhalo emikhulu, yakha uhlu lwamazwi abalulekile kanye nezinguquko zawo ezivunyelwe. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ukungaguquguquki kombhalo wonke.
Ukuhumusha kusuka kusiZulu kuya kusiSundanese kuyisenzo sobuciko esidinga isineke, ucwaningo olujulile, kanye nokuhlonipha amasiko omabili. Ngokulandela lezi zinkombandlela, abahumushi bangakha imibhalo enekhwalithi ephezulu exhumanisa lezi zinkundla ezimbili zomhlaba ngendlela enomthelela omuhle kakhulu.